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Training intensity distribution (i.e., steady-state, quality sessions, interval training) and cross-training contribute to volume and TFCs that may influence performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to assess the relationships among training and TFCs preceding the 2022 Boston Marathon and race performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult 2022 Boston Marathon registrants were contacted via email 1\u00a0month pre-race. Athletes reported demographics, training\/racing experience, and training pre-race. TFCs were calculated by comparing two timeframes: 12\u20134 and 4\u20130\u00a0month pre-race training. Official race performance was obtained from chip timing data and demographics. Separate linear regressions were used to assess the effects of training and cross-training in 12\u20134 and 4\u20130\u00a0months pre-race and TFCs  on performance, accounting for experience and demographics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 917 athletes were included (female:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009495, 3:53\u2009\u00b1\u20090:37\u00a0h race times, 64.4\u2009\u00b1\u200924\u00a0km\/week weekly distance; male:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009422; 3:35\u2009\u00b1\u20090:39\u00a0h race times, 67.6\u2009\u00b1\u200926.2\u00a0km\/week weekly distance). Higher running distance\/week, running sessions\/week (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), quality sessions\/week (\u201chard sessions\u201d;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), average distance in the 12\u20134 and 4\u20130\u00a0months pre-race (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.050), and more cross-training (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in the 4\u20130\u00a0months pre-race were associated with faster times and performance. Runners with TFCs of decreased running sessions\/week (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035) had faster times and better performance versus athletes who maintained\/increased volume.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Habitually higher training exposure 12\u20134 and 4\u20130\u00a0months, but relatively reduced training frequency 4\u20130\u00a0months pre-race, contributed to better marathon performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02304-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T07:20:58Z","timestamp":1757143258000},"page":"243-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Training Volume and Training Frequency Changes Associated with Boston Marathon Race Performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra F.","family":"DeJong Lempke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trent","family":"Stellingwerff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Baggish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre A.","family":"d\u2019Hemecourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Troyanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace H.","family":"Saville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaya","family":"Adelzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Holtzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Hackney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2304_CR1","unstructured":"Andersen JJ. 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Eleanor and Miles Shore Faculty Development Awards Program, Harvard Medical School: Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Award.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Dr. DeJong Lempke serves as a consultant for on-going research projects with Boston Children\u2019s Hospital. She receives research support from the Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women\u2019s Health (BIRCWH) through the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (5K12AR084233). The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest with the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"Data are available upon reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"A.F.D.L. contributed to study question conceptualization, monitored data collection for the whole trial, wrote the statistical analysis plan, cleaned and analyzed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. K.E.A. initiated and implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, interpreted the data, and drafted and revised the paper. T.S. contributed to study question conceptualization, designed data collection tools, interpreted the data, and drafted and revised the paper. L.M.B. designed data collection tools, interpreted the data, and drafted and revised the paper. A.L.B. initiated and implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, and revised the drafted paper. P.A.D. initiated and implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, and revised the drafted paper. S.D. initiated and implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, and revised the drafted paper. C.T. initiated and implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, and revised the drafted paper. G.S. drafted and revised the paper. K.A. implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, monitored data collection for the whole trial, cleaned and interpreted the data, and revised the drafted paper. B.H. designed data collection tools, interpreted the data, and drafted and revised the paper. A.C.H.: designed data collection tools, interpreted the data, and revised the drafted paper. K.E.W. contributed to study question conceptualization, initiated and implemented the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, monitored data collection for the whole trial, wrote the statistical analysis plan, cleaned and analyzed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final version of the article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}}]}}