{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:14:11Z","timestamp":1773375251627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS100952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS100952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21NS122033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21NS122033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R03NS104377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03NS104377"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Normative dual-task (concurrent cognitive and motor task) tandem gait has not been developed. Currently, only individual baseline data are used for tandem gait assessment post concussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The object was to (1) determine factors associated with single-task and dual-task tandem gait time among collegiate athletes across multiple institutions, and (2) provide robust normative data for single-task and dual-task tandem gait time based on clinically relevant factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were analyzed from 2,137 unique collegiate athletes (19.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u00a0years, 48.9% female, 23.7% with concussion history) from 2015 to 2022 during pre-injury baseline concussion testing from three universities. Tandem gait was performed under single- and dual-task conditions (serial subtraction by sixes\/sevens, spelling five-letter words backward, reciting the months backward). The criteria for being a clinically relevant independent variable was (a)\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, and (b) effect estimate of\u2009\u2265\u20091\u00a0s. Normative data based on established percentile thresholds were derived and stratified by clinically relevant factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the single-task tandem gait times were clinically relevant, while sex and contact level were for dual task. Mean (95% confidence interval) for overall single- and dual-task tandem gait times were 12.07\u00a0s (11.95, 12.19) and 16.51\u00a0s (16.29, 16.73), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results provide robust normative data for single- and dual-task tandem gait stratified by relevant patient factors that can be immediately used by clinicians and future researchers. Future research should compare the use of individual baseline versus normative data for acute concussion tracking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02306-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:46:25Z","timestamp":1759484785000},"page":"559-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normative Data for Single- and Dual-Task Tandem Gait Performance in Collegiate Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Shumski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Landon B.","family":"Lempke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessie","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Lynall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2306_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898","volume":"57","author":"JS Patricios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, Ahmed OH, Blauwet C, Cantu RC, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(11):695\u2013711.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01541-7","volume":"52","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Broglio SP, McAllister T, Katz BP, LaPradd M, Zhou W, McCrea MA, et al. The natural history of sport-related concussion in collegiate athletes: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE consortium. Sports Med. 2022;52:403\u201315.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106849","volume":"57","author":"RJ Echemendia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Echemendia RJ, Brett BL, Broglio S, Davis GA, Giza CC, Guskiewicz KM, et al. Introducing the sport concussion assessment tool 6 (SCAT6). Br J Sports Med. 2023;57:619\u201321.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-525-18","volume":"54","author":"DR Howell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howell DR, Brilliant AN, Meehan WP. Tandem gait test-retest reliability among healthy child and adolescent athletes. J Athl Train. 2019;54:1254\u20139.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2306_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santo AL, Joyce ME, Lynall RC. Tandem gait test-retest reliability among healthy physically active young adults. PM R. 2022;","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12909"},{"key":"2306_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00625-0","volume":"9","author":"LAM Dunne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dunne LAM, Cole MH, Cormack SJ, Howell DR, Johnston RD. Validity and reliability of methods to assess movement deficiencies following concussion: a COSMIN systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2023;9:76.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"2306_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001540","volume":"50","author":"JR Oldham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oldham JR, Difabio MS, Kaminski TW, Dewolf RM, Howell DR, Buckley TA. Efficacy of tandem gait to identify impaired postural control after concussion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:1162\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2306_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e392","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000836","volume":"31","author":"JR Oldham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oldham JR, Howell DR, Knight CA, Crenshaw JR, Buckley TA. Single-task and dual-task tandem gait performance across clinical concussion milestones in collegiate student-athletes. Clin J Sport Med Off J Can Acad Sport Med. 2021;31:e392\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med Off J Can Acad Sport Med"},{"key":"2306_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.020","volume":"20","author":"DR Howell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howell DR, Osternig LR, Chou L-S. Single-task and dual-task tandem gait test performance after concussion. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20:622\u20136.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2306_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231183413","author":"EJ Shumski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shumski EJ, Schmidt JD, Lynall RC. Cognition uniquely influences dual-task tandem gait performance among athletes with a concussion history. Sports Health. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19417381231183413.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"2306_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0292","volume":"33","author":"D Robertson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robertson D, Lempke LB, Lynall RC. Analyzing dual-task paradigms to improve postconcussion assessment and management. J Sport Rehabil. 2024;33:356\u201364.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"2306_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221131987","volume":"51","author":"JE Karr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karr JE, Zuccato BG, Ingram EO, McAuley TL, Merker B, Abeare CA. The post-concussion symptom scale: normative data for adolescent student-athletes stratified by gender and preexisting conditions. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51:225\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1303_4","volume":"13","author":"MR Lovell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lovell MR, Iverson GL, Collins MW, Podell K, Johnston KM, Pardini D, et al. Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale. Appl Neuropsychol. 2006;13:166\u201374.","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2306_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318258a9fb","volume":"44","author":"JD Schmidt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmidt JD, Register-Mihalik JK, Mihalik JP, Kerr ZY, Guskiewicz KM. Identifying impairments after concussion: normative data versus individualized baselines. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1621\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2306_CR15","volume":"2013","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Koehle MS. Normative data for the balance error scoring system in adults. Rehabil Res Pract. 2013;2013:846418.","journal-title":"Rehabil Res Pract"},{"key":"2306_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0645.22","volume":"58","author":"RN Moran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moran RN, Guin R, Louis M, Rhodes K. Baseline evaluation of concussion-like symptoms and modifying factors in collegiate club-sport athletes. J Athl Train. 2023;58:974\u201380.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2306_CR17","unstructured":"Iverson G, Lovell M, Collins M. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) Normative Data [Internet]. https:\/\/pacificpapermill.com\/resources\/Concussions\/ImPACT_normative_data.pdf"},{"key":"2306_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116680999","volume":"9","author":"JR Oldham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oldham JR, DiFabio MS, Kaminski TW, DeWolf RM, Buckley TA. Normative tandem gait in collegiate student-athletes: implications for clinical concussion assessment. Sports Health. 2016;9:305\u201311.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"2306_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.08.005","volume":"19","author":"T H\u00e4nninen","year":"2016","unstructured":"H\u00e4nninen T, Tuominen M, Parkkari J, Vartiainen M, \u00d6hman J, Iverson GL, et al. Sport concussion assessment tool-3rd edition-normative reference values for professional ice hockey players. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19:636\u201341.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"2306_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1722244","volume":"34","author":"TJ Guilmette","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guilmette TJ, Sweet JJ, Hebben N, Koltai D, Mahone EM, Spiegler BJ, et al. American academy of clinical neuropsychology consensus conference statement on uniform labeling of performance test scores. Clin Neuropsychol. 2020;34(3):437\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2306_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000509","volume":"29","author":"DR Howell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howell DR, Oldham JR, Meehan WPI, DiFabio MS, Buckley TA. Dual-task tandem gait and average walking speed in healthy collegiate athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29:238\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2306_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.04.006","volume":"42","author":"OA Galea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galea OA, Bristow HD, Chisholm SM, Mersch ME, Nullmeyer J, Reid CR, et al. Single and dual tandem gait assessment post concussion: What performance time is clinically relevant across adult ages and what can influence results? Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;42:166\u201372.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"2306_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.32591","volume":"17","author":"EE Kieffer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kieffer EE, Brolinson PG, Rowson S. Dual-task gait performance following head impact exposure in male and female collegiate rugby players. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2022;17:355\u201365.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2306_CR24","first-page":"126","volume":"16","author":"SA Weismiller","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weismiller SA, Monaco R, Womack J, Alderman B, Esopenko C, Conway FN, et al. Individual baseline balance assessments in a large sample of incoming NCAA Division I athletes using a force plate system. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2025;16:126\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2306_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2015-0323","volume":"33","author":"DR Howell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howell DR, Oldham JR, DiFabio M, Vallabhajosula S, Hall EE, Ketcham CJ, et al. Single-task and dual-task gait among collegiate athletes of different sport classifications: implications for concussion management. J Appl Biomech. 2017;33:24\u201331.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"2306_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.003","volume":"23","author":"JR Oldham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oldham JR, Howell DR, Bryk KN, Lanois CJ, Koerte IK, Meehan WP, et al. No differences in tandem gait performance between male and female athletes acutely post-concussion. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23:814\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2306_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000872","volume":"32","author":"MA Fraser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fraser MA, Kilchrist LM, Kuo M. Concussion baseline retesting is necessary when initial scores are low. Clin J Sport Med. 2022;32:e40-51.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2306_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0031","volume":"75","author":"CA Abeare","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abeare CA, Messa I, Zuccato BG, Merker B, Erdodi L. Prevalence of invalid performance on baseline testing for sport-related concussion by age and validity indicator. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:697\u2013703.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2306_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100164","volume":"54","author":"F B\u00fcttner","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner F, Howell DR, Ardern CL, Doherty C, Blake C, Ryan J, et al. Concussed athletes walk slower than non-concussed athletes during cognitive-motor dual-task assessments but not during single-task assessments 2 months after sports concussion: a systematic review and meta-analysis using individual participant data. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(2):94\u2013101.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5643","volume":"35","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Kontos AP, Levin H, Schneider K, Wilde EA, Cantu RC, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Department of Defense Sport-Related Concussion Common Data Elements Version 1.0 Recommendations. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35:2776\u201383.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2306_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0707-1","volume":"47","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broglio SP, McCrea M, McAllister T, Harezlak J, Katz B, Hack D, et al. A national study on the effects of concussion in collegiate athletes and US military service academy members: the NCAA-DoD concussion assessment, research and education (CARE) consortium structure and methods. Sports Med. 2017;47:1437\u201351.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0080","volume":"121","author":"SG Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice SG, The Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics. 2008;121:841\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2306_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"EJ Shumski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shumski EJ, Anderson MN, Schmidt JD, Lynall RC. Motor vehicle crash concussion mechanism displays a greater total number of symptoms and greater affective symptom severity but no neurocognitive differences compared with sport-related concussion mechanism. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2023;32:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"2306_CR34","unstructured":"Concussion Characteristics and Early Postinjury Outcomes Between College Students and Intercollegiate Athletes-PubMed [Internet]. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34673035\/. Accessed 1 Sept 2023."},{"key":"2306_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097506","volume":"51","author":"RJ Echemendia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Echemendia RJ, Meeuwisse W, McCrory P, Davis GA, Putukian M, Leddy J, et al. The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (SCAT5): background and rationale. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:848\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092225","volume":"47","author":"KM Guskiewicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guskiewicz KM, Register-Mihalik J, McCrory P, McCrea M, Johnston K, Makdissi M, et al. Evidence-based approach to revising the SCAT2: introducing the SCAT3. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:289\u201393.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5191","volume":"34","author":"DR Howell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howell DR, Brilliant A, Berkstresser B, Wang F, Fraser J, Meehan WP. The association between dual-task gait after concussion and prolonged symptom duration. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:3288\u201394.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2306_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211072261","volume":"50","author":"LM Ferris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferris LM, Kontos AP, Eagle SR, Elbin RJ, Collins MW, Mucha A, et al. Utility of VOMS, SCAT3, and ImPACT baseline evaluations for acute concussion identification in collegiate athletes: findings from the NCAA-DoD concussion assessment, research and education (CARE) consortium. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50:1106\u201319.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520913252","volume":"48","author":"BL Brett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brett BL, Breedlove K, McAllister TW, Broglio SP, McCrea MA, Hoy AM, et al. Investigating the Range of Symptom Endorsement at Initiation of a Graduated Return-to-Play Protocol After Concussion and Duration of the Protocol: A Study From the National Collegiate Athletic Association\u2013Department of Defense Concussion, Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:1476\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02015-2","volume":"54","author":"EJ Shumski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shumski EJ, Eagle SR, Kontos AP, Bazarian JJ, Caccese JB, Chrisman SPD, et al. The interval between concussions does not influence time to asymptomatic or return to play: a CARE consortium study. Sports Med. 2024;54:2185\u201397.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","volume":"72","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JH. Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean J Anesth. 2019;72:558\u201369.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesth"},{"key":"2306_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","volume":"36","author":"CF Dormann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchmann C, Carl G, Carr\u00e9 G, et al. Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography. 2013;36:27\u201346.","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2306_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.03.038","volume":"62","author":"DR Howell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howell DR, Berkstresser B, Wang F, Buckley TA, Mannix R, Stillman A, et al. Self-reported sleep duration affects tandem gait, but not steady-state gait outcomes among healthy collegiate athletes. Gait Posture. 2018;62:291\u20136.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2306_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2019-0331","volume":"30","author":"EL Messerschmidt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Messerschmidt EL, Hall EE, Ketcham CJ, Patel K, Vallabhajosula S. Gait Assessment in College Athletes: do concussion history, symptoms, gender, and type of sport matter? J Sport Rehabil. 2021;30:988\u201399.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"2306_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.11.26","volume":"52","author":"A Santo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santo A, Lynall RC, Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP. Clinical utility of the sport concussion assessment tool 3 (SCAT3) tandem-gait test in high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2017;52:1096\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2306_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.09.003","volume":"24","author":"EM Bonke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonke EM, Southard J, Buckley TA, Reinsberger C, Koerte IK, Howell DR. The effects of repetitive head impacts on postural control: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24:247\u201357.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2306_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221104685","volume":"50","author":"JR Oldham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oldham JR, Lanois CJ, Caccese JB, Crenshaw JR, Knight CA, Berkstresser B, et al. Association between collision sport career duration and gait performance in male collegiate student-athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50:2526\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.12.004","volume":"12","author":"KJ Hunzinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hunzinger KJ, Caccese JB, Mannix R, Meehan WP, Hafer JF, Swanik CB, et al. Effects of contact\/collision sport history on gait in early- to mid-adulthood. J Sport Health Sci. 2023;12:398\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"2306_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/40667","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Folarin AA, Sun S, Cummins N, Vairavan S, Qian L, et al. Associations between depression symptom severity and daily-life gait characteristics derived from long-term acceleration signals in real-world settings: retrospective analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2022;10:e40667.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2306_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.661213","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang J, Liu X, Zhu T. Detecting depression through gait data: examining the contribution of gait features in recognizing depression. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:661213.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2306_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.06.003","volume":"104","author":"EJ Meachon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meachon EJ, Klupp S, Grob A. Gait in children with and without ADHD: a systematic literature review. Gait Posture. 2023;104:31\u201342.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2306_CR52","first-page":"85","volume":"10","author":"J Konicarova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Konicarova J, Bob P, Raboch J. Balance deficits and ADHD symptoms in medication-na\u00efve school-aged boys. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:85\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2306_CR53","unstructured":"The Arrington Settlement and Its Implications: What It Says and What It Doesn\u2019t | Sports Litigation Alert [Internet]. https:\/\/sportslitigationalert.com\/the-arrington-settlement-and-its-implications-what-it-says-and-what-it-doesnt\/. Accessed 20 Nov 2024."},{"key":"2306_CR54","unstructured":"Updated NCAA Concussion Protocol Requirements and Compliance with the &lt;em&gt;Arrington &lt;\/em&gt;Settlement Agreement [Internet]. Bond Schoeneck King PLLC. https:\/\/www.bsk.com\/news-events-videos\/updated-ncaa-concussion-protocol-requirements-and-compliance-with-the-arrington-settlement-agreement. Accessed 8 Jun 2023."},{"key":"2306_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01263-2","volume":"50","author":"BM Asken","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asken BM, Houck ZM, Schmidt JD, Bauer RM, Broglio SP, McCrea MA, et al. A normative reference vs. baseline testing compromise for ImPACT: the CARE consortium multiple variable prediction (CARE-MVP) norms. Sports Med. 2020;50:1533\u201347.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2306_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad047","volume":"38","author":"A Crane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crane A, Roccaforte A, Webbe F, LoGalbo A. Does frequency of baseline testing influence concussion diagnostic decision making among college athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2023;38:1635\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2306_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2023-001606","volume":"9","author":"N Anderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson N, Robinson DG, Verhagen E, Fagher K, Edouard P, Rojas-Valverde D, et al. Under-representation of women is alive and well in sport and exercise medicine: what it looks like and what we can do about it. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2023;9:e001606.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"2306_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105045","volume":"56","author":"C D\u2019Lauro","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Lauro C, Jones ER, Swope LM, Anderson MN, Broglio S, Schmidt JD. Under-representation of female athletes in research informing influential concussion consensus and position statements: an evidence review and synthesis. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56:981\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02306-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02306-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02306-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:02:23Z","timestamp":1773342143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02306-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02306-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research reported in this work was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health Award No. R01NS100952 (Dr. Howell). Data collected from the University of Delaware were collected under Award No. 1R21NS122033 and R03NS104377 (Dr. Buckley). The funding bodies were not included or consulted in the interpretation and reporting of the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"All disclosures below are not directly related to the current article but are reported for full transparency to readers. Dr. Lempke has received current or prior (<\u20095\u00a0years) funding from the National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association (NATA), American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), Eastern Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association (EATA), VALD, internally from university affiliations; has received various speaker honorarium and travel reimbursement for talks given, and supports projects funded by the Department of Defense (DoD), Veterans Affairs, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and National Football League (NFL). Dr. Buckley has received funding from the NIH, Highmark Blue Cross, State Space Inc, and the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine. Dr. Shumski has received funding support from the National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association (NATA) Research and Education doctoral student grant program in support of his dissertation (Award #:AWD00016656). Dr. Lynall has received funding unrelated to the manuscript from the DoD, the NIH, Football Research Inc., and NATA. Dr. Howell has received research support from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD094560, R01HD108133), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke (R01NS100952, R43NS108823), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (1R13AR080451), 59th Medical Wing Department of the Air Force, MINDSOURCE Brain Injury Network, the Tai Foundation, the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (UL1 TR002535\u201005), and the Denver Broncos Foundation. Dr. Oldham has received funding from the Thrasher Research Fund and the Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women\u2019s Health (BIRCWH) grant (8K12AR084233-03) through the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Meehan receives royalties from ABC-Clio publishing for the sale of the books,\u00a0\n                      Kids, Sports, and Concussion: A guide for coaches and parents,\n                      \u00a0and\u00a0\n                      Concussions;\n                      \u00a0from Springer International for the book\u00a0\n                      Head and Neck Injuries in Young Athlete;\n                      \u00a0and from Wolters Kluwer for working as an author for\u00a0\n                      UpToDate\n                      .\u00a0Dr. Meehan\u2019s research is funded, in part, by philanthropic support from the National Hockey League Alumni Association through the Corey C. Griffin Pro-Am Tournament and a grant from a grant from the National Football League.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All methods were approved by the Boston Children\u2019s Hospital (P00016469), University of Georgia\u2019s (STUDY00001479), and University of Delaware\u2019s (804454) Institutional Review Boards. All included participants provided written and informed consent. All procedures performed in our study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written and informed consent prior to participation.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participant"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The R code used for analysis is available upon reasonable request to the first author.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"Data are available upon reasonable request to the first author.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"EJS was responsible for initiating the project, carrying out statistical analyses, drafting the initial manuscript, and preparing the final manuscript. All authors were involved in the development of the methods, providing input on the statistical analyses and interpretation, revising manuscript drafts, and reading and approving the final manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}