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However, there is currently no consensus on the optimal measurement and modelling methods to obtain CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 estimates, how CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 influence running performance, or how CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 have been applied within a training environment. The aims of this scoping review were to determine the specific protocols and modelling methods that have been implemented to quantify CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 in running; the deterministic potential of CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 for running race performance; and the application of CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 in individualising running training prescription. The PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews were followed. PubMed, Scopus, Embase and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched, and studies were screened for eligibility. A total of 124 studies were included in the review, of which 23 investigated CS as the maximal metabolic steady state, 68 investigated different measurement or modelling methods on CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032, 16 examined different measurement methods on CS only, six investigated\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 reconstitution, 26 studies explored the relationship between CS or\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 and running performance, and 16 applied CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 modelling to individualise training prescription. CS has been validated as the boundary between the heavy- and severe-intensity domains while there is a far smaller body of research investigating\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 reconstitution; however, variations in testing protocols may influence CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 estimation. Of importance to coaches and athletes is that CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 balance are particularly strong determinants of middle- and long-distance running performance (mile to marathon, and 5000 and 10,000\u00a0m, for CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 balance, respectively), and modelling of CS and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032 provides an avenue to individualise training prescription.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Open Science Framework (OSF) registration:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/rq2h3\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/rq2h3<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02410-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:18:57Z","timestamp":1775225937000},"page":"1637-1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Measurement and Application of Critical Speed and D\u2032 in Running: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendran","family":"Sabapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blayne","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clint","family":"Bellenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Kolodziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Bellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00942.2016","volume":"122","author":"MI Black","year":"2017","unstructured":"Black MI, et al. 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