{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:07:26Z","timestamp":1791083246643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001215","name":"La Trobe University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001215","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The capacity to generate energy during exercise is dependent on the bioenergetic pathways within muscle cells. These pathways include the phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative phosphorylation systems, which work together to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and meet the energy demands of exercise. Understanding the relative contributions of these systems during maximal exercise has theoretical and practical importance for optimizing athletic performance and training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to systematically review literature on the relative contributions of anaerobic and aerobic energy systems during single bouts of maximal exercise across various durations. The goal was to consolidate evidence from multiple methodologies to provide a more precise understanding of energy system interactions and inform both theoretical knowledge and practical applications in sports performance and training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across seven electronic databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE\/PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, covering studies from 1984 to January 2020. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed, English-language research that examined energy system contributions during maximal exercise in adults (\u2265\u200918\u00a0years). Data extraction focused on participant details, exercise trial specifics, assessment methods, and relative energy system contributions. Studies were categorized on the basis of their assessment approach. Nonlinear regression modeling was used to estimate anaerobic and aerobic contributions across different exercise durations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 102 studies were included, providing 311 individual data points (mean results from studies comprising 78% male, 12% female, 11% mixed adult samples). The oxygen deficit (OD) method was used in 66 studies, mixed methods (MM) in 33 studies, and theoretical models (TM) in 7 studies. The data reviewed indicated that the anaerobic system predominates in short-duration maximal exercise, up until approximately 75\u201380\u00a0s. The maximal exercise duration that derived equal contributions from both the anaerobic and aerobic energy systems was 78.6\u00a0s (95% confidence interval [95% CI] \u00b1\u20091.1\u00a0s), with longer durations contributing an increasingly greater proportion of aerobic energy to the total energy supply. Comparison of regression curves showed no differences between running and cycling or training status but revealed small significant effects of measurement method and pacing strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review refines previous estimates of energy system contributions during maximal exercise, reaffirming the dynamic interplay between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. The findings emphasize the importance of considering both energy systems in training strategies and highlight the need for more precise measurement techniques. Athletes and coaches can optimize performance by tailoring high-intensity training, work\u2013rest ratios, and pacing strategies to improve anaerobic capacity, oxygen uptake efficiency, and short-term recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T15:42:15Z","timestamp":1775922135000},"page":"1723-1747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy System Contribution During Maximal Exercise: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2320-7875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul B.","family":"Gastin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9828-2349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haresh T.","family":"Suppiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2414_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.5.598","volume":"29","author":"J Karlsson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Karlsson J, Saltin B. Lactate, ATP, and CP in working muscles during exhaustive exercise in man. J Appl Physiol. 1970;29:598\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000408777","volume":"17","author":"L Hermansen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hermansen L, Medb\u00f8 JI. The relative significance of aerobic and anaerobic processes during maximal exercise of short duration. Med Sport Sci. 1984;17:56\u201367.","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci"},{"key":"2414_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199520040-00002","volume":"20","author":"P Korge","year":"1995","unstructured":"Korge P. Factors limiting adenosine triphosphatase function during high intensity exercise: Thermodynamic and regulatory considerations. Sports Med. 1995;20:215\u201325.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2414_CR4","first-page":"361","volume":"75","author":"E Hultman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hultman E, Greenhaff P. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism and fatigue during intense exercise in man. Sci Prog. 1991;75:361\u201370.","journal-title":"Sci Prog"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2009.04.005","volume":"10","author":"GD Wells","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wells GD, Selvadurai H, Tein I. Bioenergetic provision of energy for muscular activity. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2009;10(3):83\u201390.","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"2414_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","volume":"2","author":"M Hargreaves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab. 2020;2(9):817\u201328.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2414_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94305-9","volume-title":"Exercise metabolism","author":"G McConell","year":"2022","unstructured":"McConell G. Exercise metabolism. Cham: Springer; 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00407.x","volume":"2","author":"GA Brooks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brooks GA. Bioenergetics of exercising humans. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(1):537\u201362.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94305-9_10","volume-title":"Exercise metabolism","author":"MJ MacInnis","year":"2022","unstructured":"MacInnis MJ, Egan B, Gibala MJ. The effect of training on skeletal muscle and exercise metabolism. In: McConell G, editor. Exercise metabolism. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 215\u201342."},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029678","volume":"8","author":"PD Neufer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neufer PD. The bioenergetics of exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(5):a029678.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029744","volume":"8","author":"M Hargreaves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Exercise metabolism: Fuels for the fire. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(8):a029744.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","volume":"32","author":"DR Bassett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):70\u201384.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-022-09636-y","volume":"44","author":"PD Wagner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagner PD. Determinants of maximal oxygen consumption. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2023;44(2):73\u201388.","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"10","key":"2414_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00003","volume":"31","author":"PB Gastin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med. 2001;31(10):725\u201341.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2414_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00411.x","volume":"4","author":"PB Gastin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gastin PB. Quantification of anaerobic capacity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1994;4:91\u2013112.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2414_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"K Chamari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chamari K, Padulo J. \u2018Aerobic\u2019and \u2018anaerobic\u2019terms used in exercise physiology: A critical terminology reflection. Sports Med. 2015;1:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2414_CR17","volume-title":"Physiological testing of the high-performance athlete","author":"C Bouchard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bouchard C, Taylor AW, Simoneau J, Dulac S. Testing anaerobic power and capacity. In: MacDougall JD, Wenger HA, Green HJ, editors. Physiological testing of the high-performance athlete. 2nd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1991.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2414_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199519010-00003","volume":"19","author":"S Green","year":"1995","unstructured":"Green S. Measurement of anaerobic work capacities in humans. Sports Med. 1995;19:32\u201342.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00140136508930810","volume":"8","author":"H Monod","year":"1965","unstructured":"Monod H, Scherrer J. The work capacity of a synergic muscular group. Ergonomics. 1965;8(3):329\u201338.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2414_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04922-6","volume":"122","author":"R Dotan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dotan R. A critical review of critical power. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(7):1559\u201388.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199316040-00003","volume":"16","author":"DW Hill","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hill DW. The critical power concept: a review. Sports Med. 1993;16:237\u201354.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0088-2","volume":"96","author":"RH Morton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morton RH. The critical power and related whole-body bioenergetic models. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(4):339\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR23","first-page":"89","volume":"37","author":"H Vandewalle","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vandewalle H, Vautier JF, Kachouri M, Lechevalier J, Monod H. Work-exhaustion time relationships and the critical power concept. A critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1997;37(2):89\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.1.128","volume":"6","author":"A Vanhatalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vanhatalo A, Jones AM, Burnley M. Application of critical power in sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011;6(1):128\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2414_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0688-0","volume":"47","author":"AM Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones AM, Vanhatalo A. The \u2018critical power\u2019concept: applications to sports performance with a focus on intermittent high-intensity exercise. Sports Med. 2017;47:65\u201378.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822b7304","volume":"26","author":"HC Bergstrom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergstrom HC, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Camic CL, Traylor DA, Schmidt RJ, et al. A new single work bout test to estimate critical power and anaerobic work capacity. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(3):656\u201363.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002977","volume":"33","author":"D Muniz-Pumares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muniz-Pumares D, Karsten B, Triska C, Glaister M. Methodological approaches and related challenges associated with the determination of critical power and curvature constant. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(2):584\u201396.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2414_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1920.sp001889","volume":"53","author":"A Krogh","year":"1920","unstructured":"Krogh A, Lindhard J. The changes in respiration at the transition from work to rest. J Physiol. 1920;53:431\u20137.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/os-16.62.135","volume":"16","author":"AV Hill","year":"1923","unstructured":"Hill AV, Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Q J Med. 1923;16:135\u201371.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2414_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1971.tb04948.x","volume":"82","author":"J Karlsson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Karlsson J, Saltin B. Oxygen deficit and muscle metabolites in intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1971;82:115\u201322.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.1.50","volume":"64","author":"JI Medbo","year":"1988","unstructured":"Medbo JI, Mohn AC, Tabata I, Bahr R, Vaage O, Sejersted OM. Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2 deficit. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(1):50\u201360.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1139\/h96-030","volume":"21","author":"TE Graham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Graham TE. Oxygen deficit: introduction to the assumptions and the skepticism. Can J Appl Physiol. 1996;21(5):347\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2165\/11530390-000000000-00000","volume":"40","author":"DA Noordhof","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noordhof DA, De Koning JJ, Foster C. The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit method: a valid and reliable measure of anaerobic capacity? Sports Med. 2010;40(4):285\u2013302.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2414_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.1998.00378.x","volume":"163","author":"GC Bogdanis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Lakomy HKA, Boobis LH. Power output and muscle metabolism during and following recovery from 10 and 20 s of maximal sprint exercise in humans. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;163:261\u201372.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00754.2001","volume":"92","author":"LM Arsac","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arsac LM, Locatelli E. Modeling the energetics of 100-m running by using speed curves of world champions. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92(5):1781\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90289-1","volume":"18","author":"AJ Ward-Smith","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ward-Smith AJ. A mathematical theory of running, based on the first law of thermodynamics, and its application to the performance of world-class athletes. J Biomech. 1985;18(5):337\u201349.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.5.2318","volume":"74","author":"PE di Prampero","year":"1993","unstructured":"di Prampero PE, Capelli C, Pagliaro P, Antonutto G, Girardis M, Zamparo P, et al. Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74(5):2318\u201324.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.1.453","volume":"67","author":"F P\u00e9ronnet","year":"1989","unstructured":"P\u00e9ronnet F, Thibault G. Mathematical analysis of running performance and world running records. J Appl Physiol. 1989;67(1):453\u201365.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2414_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0622-4","volume":"87","author":"R Beneke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beneke R, Pollmann C, Bleif I, Leith\u00e4user RM, H\u00fctler H. How anaerobic is the Wingate anaerobic test for humans? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;87(4\u20135):388\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2414_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0036","volume":"40","author":"GM Brisola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brisola GM, Miyagi WE, da Silva HS, Zagatto AM. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improved MAOD but is not correlated with 200- and 400-m running performances: a double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40(9):931\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04304-w","volume":"120","author":"MB La Monica","year":"2020","unstructured":"La Monica MB, Fukuda DH, Starling-Smith TM, Clark NW, Panissa VLG. Alterations in energy system contribution following upper body sprint interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(3):643\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000397190","volume":"13","author":"P-O Astrand","year":"1981","unstructured":"Astrand P-O. Aerobic and anaerobic energy sources in exercise. Med Sport Sci. 1981;13:22\u201337.","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci"},{"key":"2414_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018000","volume":"422","author":"J Bangsbo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bangsbo J, Gollnick PD, Graham TE, Juel C, Kiens B, Mizuno M, et al. Anaerobic energy production and O2 deficit\u2013debt relationship during exhaustive exercise in humans. J Physiol. 1990;422:539\u201359.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199801000-00007","volume":"30","author":"J Bangsbo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bangsbo J. Quantification of anaerobic energy production during intense exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(1):47\u201352.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/026404199365786","volume":"17","author":"DW Hill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hill DW. Energy system contributions in middle-distance running events. J Sports Sci. 1999;17(6):477\u201383.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357594","volume":"61","author":"J Lacour","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lacour J, Bouvat E, Barthelemy J. Post-competition blood lactate concentrations as indicators of anaerobic energy expenditure during 400-m and 800-m races. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;61(3):172\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR47","first-page":"81","volume":"10","author":"E Locatelli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Locatelli E, Arsac L. The mechanics and energetics of the 100m sprint. New Stud Ath. 1995;10(1):81\u20137.","journal-title":"New Stud Ath"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00024","volume":"33","author":"MR Spencer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Spencer MR, Gastin PB. Energy system contribution during 200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(1):157\u201362.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80025-2","volume":"7","author":"R Duffield","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duffield R, Dawson B, Goodman C. Energy system contribution to 100-m and 200-m track running events. J Sci Med Sport. 2004;7(3):302\u201313.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"10","key":"2414_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021963","volume":"23","author":"R Duffield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duffield R, Dawson B, Goodman C. Energy system contribution to 1500- and 3000-metre track running. J Sports Sci. 2005;23(10):993\u20131002.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410410001730043","volume":"23","author":"R Duffield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duffield R, Dawson B, Goodman C. Energy system contribution to 400-metre and 800-metre track running. J Sports Sci. 2005;23(3):299\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.5.1881","volume":"67","author":"JI Medb\u00f8","year":"1989","unstructured":"Medb\u00f8 JI, Tabata I. Relative importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy release during short-lasting exhausting bicycle exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1989;67(5):1881\u20136.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1025051","volume":"9","author":"O Serresse","year":"1988","unstructured":"Serresse O, Lortie G, Bouchard C, Boulay MR. Estimation of the contribution of the various energy systems during maximal work of short duration. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9(6):456\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364462","volume":"63","author":"RT Withers","year":"1991","unstructured":"Withers RT, Sherman WM, Clark DG, Esselbach PC, Nolan SR, Mackay MH, et al. Muscle metabolism during 30, 60 and 90 s of maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1991;63(5):354\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822766f7","volume":"26","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zouhal H, Le Douairon LS, Ben Abderrahaman A, Minter G, Herbez R, Castagna C. Energy system contribution to Olympic distances in flat water kayaking (500 and 1,000 m) in highly trained subjects. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(3):825\u201331.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392038","volume":"69","author":"PB Gastin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gastin PB, Lawson DL. Influence of training status on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit during all-out cycle exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994;69(4):321\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2414_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00018","volume":"28","author":"I Tabata","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, Hirai Y, Ogita F, Miyachi M, et al. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(10):1327\u201330.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.712","volume":"75","author":"GC Gaitanos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gaitanos GC, Williams C, Boobis LH, Brooks S. Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75(2):712\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199703000-00015","volume":"29","author":"I Tabata","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tabata I, Irisawa K, Kouzaki M, Nishimura K, Ogita F, Miyachi M. Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(3):390\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01517.x","volume":"24","author":"MC Peyrebrune","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peyrebrune MC, Toubekis AG, Lakomy HK, Nevill ME. Estimating the energy contribution during single and repeated sprint swimming. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(2):369\u201376.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2414_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.277.5.E890","author":"ML Parolin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Parolin ML, Chesley A, Matsos MP, Spriet LL, Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJ. Regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during maximal intermittent exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.277.5.E890.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050207","volume":"76","author":"M Faina","year":"1997","unstructured":"Faina M, Billat V, Squadrone R, De Angelis M, Koralsztein JP, Dal Monte A. Anaerobic contribution to the time to exhaustion at the minimal exercise intensity at which maximal oxygen uptake occurs in elite cyclists, kayakists and swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1997;76(1):13\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1172-9","volume":"107","author":"MF de Campos","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Campos MF, de Moraes Bertuzzi RC, Grangeiro PM, Franchini E. Energy systems contributions in 2,000 m race simulation: a comparison among rowing ergometers and water. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(5):615\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182a20f77","volume":"28","author":"O Ozkaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozkaya O, Colakoglu M, Kuzucu EO, Delextrat A. An elliptical trainer may render the Wingate all-out test more anaerobic. J Strength Con Res. 2014;28(3):643\u201350.","journal-title":"J Strength Con Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR65","first-page":"106","volume":"29","author":"B O'Brien","year":"1997","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien B, Payne W, Gastin P, Burge C. A comparison of active and passive warm ups on energy system contribution and performance in moderate heat. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1997;29(4):106\u20139.","journal-title":"Aust J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01248.x","volume":"21","author":"A Wittekind","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wittekind A, Beneke R. Metabolic and performance effects of warm-up intensity on sprint cycling. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(6):E201\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818313b6","volume":"41","author":"CD Palmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Palmer CD, Jones AM, Kennedy GJ, Cotter JD. Effects of prior heavy exercise on energy supply and 4000-m cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):221\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2414_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0467","volume":"38","author":"AE Lima-Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lima-Silva AE, Pires FO, Bertuzzi R, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Oliveira RS, Kiss MA, et al. Effects of a low- or a high-carbohydrate diet on performance, energy system contribution, and metabolic responses during supramaximal exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(9):928\u201334.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2016-0038","volume":"26","author":"RA de Poli","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Poli RA, Miyagi WE, Nakamura FY, Zagatto AM. Caffeine improved time to exhaustion but did not change alternative maximal accumulated oxygen deficit estimated during a single supramaximal running bout. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016;26(6):549\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"2414_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00352","volume":"10","author":"RAB de Poli","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Poli RAB, Roncada LH, Malta ES, Artioli GG, Bertuzzi R, Zagatto AM. Creatine supplementation improves phosphagen energy pathway during supramaximal effort, but does not improve anaerobic capacity or performance. Front Physiol. 2019;10:352.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2414_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04392-8","volume":"120","author":"C Doria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doria C, Verratti V, Pietrangelo T, Fano-Illic G, Bisconti AV, Shokohyar S, et al. Changes in energy system contributions to the Wingate anaerobic test in climbers after a high altitude expedition. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(7):1629\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0214-9","volume":"98","author":"Y Ogura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ogura Y, Katamoto S, Uchimaru J, Takahashi K, Naito H. Effects of low and high levels of moderate hypoxia on anaerobic energy release during supramaximal cycle exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;98(1):41\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR73","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Exercise metabolism","author":"AR Coggan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coggan AR, Costill DL. A brief history of exercise metabolism. In: Exercise metabolism. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 1\u201318."},{"issue":"10","key":"2414_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1080\/026404100419892","volume":"18","author":"AJ Ward-Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ward-Smith AJ, Radford PF. Energy conversion rates during sprinting with an emphasis on the performance of female athletes. J Sports Sci. 2000;18(10):835\u201343.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.54.125","volume":"54","author":"VL Billat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Billat VL, Lepretre PM, Heugas AM, Koralsztein JP. Energetics of middle-distance running performances in male and female junior using track measurements. Jpn J Physiol. 2004;54(2):125\u201335.","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR76","unstructured":"Howald H, von Glutz G, Billeter R. Energy stores and substrate utilization in muscle during exercise. In: Landry F, Orban WAR, editors. The third international symposium on biochemistry of exercise. Miami: Miami Symposia Specialists; 1978. p. 75\u201386"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E399","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1990.258.3.E399","volume":"258","author":"DC Simonson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Simonson DC, DeFronzo RA. Indirect calorimetry: methodological and interpretative problems. Am J Physiol (Endocrinol Metab). 1990;258(3):E399\u2013412.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol (Endocrinol Metab)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90110-2","volume":"37","author":"E Ferrannini","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ferrannini E. The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry: a review. Metabolism. 1988;37(3):287\u2013301.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2414_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00257","volume":"6","author":"H Mtaweh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mtaweh H, Tuira L, Floh AA, Parshuram CS. Indirect calorimetry: history, technology, and application. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:257.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR80","first-page":"23","volume":"16","author":"F Peronnet","year":"1991","unstructured":"Peronnet F, Massicotte D. Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update. Can J Sport Sci. 1991;16(1):23\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0501-0","volume":"101","author":"RC Bertuzzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bertuzzi RC, Franchini E, Kokubun E, Kiss MA. Energy system contributions in indoor rock climbing. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(3):293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2016.111.08","volume":"11","author":"MI Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira MI, Barbosa TM, Costa MJ, Neiva HP, Vilaca J, Marinho DA. Effects of swim training on energetic and performance in women masters\u2019 swimmers. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2016;11(1):99\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1696-z","volume":"111","author":"P Figueiredo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Figueiredo P, Zamparo P, Sousa A, Vilas-Boas J, Fernandes R, Vilas-Boas JP, et al. An energy balance of the 200 m front crawl race. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(5):767\u201377.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1632786.393","volume":"12","author":"E Franchini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franchini E, Takito MY, Dal\u2019Molin Kiss MA. Performance and energy systems contributions during upper-body sprint interval exercise. J Exerc Rehabil. 2016;12(6):535\u201341.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2019.1576839","volume":"90","author":"UF Julio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julio UF, Panissa VLG, Cury RL, Agostinho MF, Esteves J, Franchini E. Energy system contributions in upper and lower body Wingate tests in highly trained athletes. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2019;90(2):244\u201350.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2414_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/675363","volume":"2014","author":"AC Sousa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sousa AC, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions whilst swimming at 95, 100, and 105% of the velocity at VO2max. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:675363.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2414_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865922","volume":"27","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zamparo P, Tomadini S, Didon\u00e8 F, Grazzina F, Rejc E, Capelli C. Bioenergetics of a slalom kayak (K1) competition. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27(7):546\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0001","volume":"11","author":"RM Leithauser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leithauser RM, Boning D, Hutler M, Beneke R. Enhancement of Wingate anaerobic test performance with hyperventilation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(5):627\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR89","first-page":"377","volume":"55","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Niessen M, Chen X, Hartmann U. Overestimate of relative aerobic contribution with maximal accumulated oxygen deficit: A review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55(5):377\u201382.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199502000-00016","volume":"27","author":"PB Gastin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gastin PB, Costill DL, Lawson DL, Krzeminski K, McConell GK. Accumulated oxygen deficit during supramaximal all-out and constant intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(2):255\u201363.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2414_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903114372","volume":"27","author":"B Aisbett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aisbett B, Le Rossignol P, McConell GK, Abbiss CR, Snow R. Effects of starting strategy on 5-min cycling time-trial performance. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(11):1201\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80254-2","volume":"6","author":"B Aisbett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aisbett B, Le Rossignol P, Sparrow WA. The influence of pacing during 6-minute supra-maximal cycle ergometer performance. J Sci Med Sport. 2003;6(2):187\u201398.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12666","volume":"27","author":"E Andersson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andersson E, Bjorklund G, Holmberg HC, Ortenblad N. Energy system contributions and determinants of performance in sprint cross-country skiing. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(4):385\u201398.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"12","key":"2414_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001037","volume":"48","author":"E Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson E, Holmberg HC, Ortenblad N, Bjorklund G. Metabolic responses and pacing strategies during successive sprint skiing time trials. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(12):2544\u201354.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2020.0066","volume":"21","author":"D Arezzolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arezzolo D, Coffey VG, Byrne NM, Doering TM. Effects of eight interval training sessions in hypoxia on anaerobic, aerobic, and high intensity work capacity in endurance cyclists. High Alt Med Biol. 2020;21(4):370\u20137.","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021165","volume":"14","author":"J Bangsbo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bangsbo J, Michalsik L, Petersen A. Accumulated O2 deficit during intense exercise and muscle characteristics of elite athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1993;14(4):207\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR97","first-page":"40","volume":"7","author":"DC Bickham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bickham DC, Le Rossignol PF. Effects of high-intensity interval training on the accumulated oxygen deficit of endurance-trained runners. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2004;7(1):40\u20137.","journal-title":"J Exerc Physiol Online"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106000-00023","volume":"33","author":"D Bishop","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bishop D, Bonetti D, Dawson B. The effect of three different warm-up intensities on kayak ergometer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6):1026\u201332.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200206000-00022","volume":"34","author":"D Bishop","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bishop D, Bonetti D, Dawson B. The influence of pacing strategy on VO2 and supramaximal kayak performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(6):1041\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000070912","volume":"21","author":"D Bishop","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bishop D, Bonetti D, Spencer M. The effect of an intermittent, high-intensity warm-up on supramaximal kayak ergometer performance. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(1):13\u201320.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050253","volume":"76","author":"JA Calbet","year":"1997","unstructured":"Calbet JA, Chavarren J, Dorado C. Fractional use of anaerobic capacity during a 30- and a 45-s Wingate test. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1997;76(4):308\u201313.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2414_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199811000-00012","volume":"30","author":"IS Craig","year":"1998","unstructured":"Craig IS, Morgan DW. Relationship between 800-m running performance and accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(11):1631\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376659","volume":"67","author":"NP Craig","year":"1993","unstructured":"Craig NP, Norton KI, Bourdon PC, Woolford SM, Stanef T, Squires B, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic indices contributing to track endurance cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1993;67(2):150\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973050","volume":"16","author":"NP Craig","year":"1995","unstructured":"Craig NP, Norton KI, Conyers RA, Woolford SM, Bourdon PC, Stanef T, et al. Influence of test duration and event specificity on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit of high performance track cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 1995;16(8):534\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0646","volume":"41","author":"RS Cruz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cruz RS, de Aguiar RA, Turnes T, Salvador AF, Caputo F. Effects of ischemic preconditioning on short-duration cycling performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(8):825\u201331.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1025005","volume":"25","author":"C Foster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foster C, DeKoning JJ, Hettinga F, Lampen J, Dodge C, Bobbert M, et al. Effect of competitive distance on energy expenditure during simulated competition. Int J Sports Med. 2004;25(3):198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392039","volume":"69","author":"PB Gastin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gastin PB, Lawson DL. Variable resistance all-out test to generate accumulated oxygen deficit and predict anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994;69(4):331\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00601809","volume":"70","author":"P Granier","year":"1995","unstructured":"Granier P, Mercier B, Mercier J, Anselme F, Prefaut C. Aerobic and anaerobic contribution to Wingate test performance in sprint and middle-distance runners. Eur J App Physiol Occup Physiol. 1995;70(1):58\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur J App Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR109","first-page":"315","volume":"28","author":"S Green","year":"1996","unstructured":"Green S, Dawson BT, Goodman C, Carey MF. Anaerobic ATP production and accumulated O2 deficit in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(3):315\u201321.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2414_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318156e8d4","volume":"39","author":"FJ Hettinga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hettinga FJ, De Koning JJ, Meijer E, Teunissen L, Foster C. Effect of pacing strategy on energy expenditure during a 1500-m cycling time trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(12):2212\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318252f612","volume":"27","author":"SR Ho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ho SR, Smith RM, Chapman PG, Sinclair PJ, Funato K. Physiological and physical characteristics of elite dragon boat paddlers. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(1):137\u201345.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-101914","volume":"38","author":"CA Kalva-Filho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalva-Filho CA, Moura Zagatto A, da Silva ASR, Yndawe Castanho M, Bucken Gobbi R, Gobatto CA, et al. Relationships among the tethered 3-min all-out test, MAOD, and swimming performance. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38(5):353\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR113","first-page":"91","volume":"13","author":"MF Kavanagh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kavanagh MF, Jacobs I. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption during performance of the Wingate Test. Can J Sport Sci. 1988;13(1):91\u20133.","journal-title":"Can J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"2414_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14194","volume":"7","author":"M Kon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kon M, Nakagaki K, Ebi Y. Effects of all-out sprint interval training under hyperoxia on exercise performance. Physiol Rep. 2019;7(14):e14194.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182388684","volume":"44","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Losnegard T, Myklebust H, Hallen J. Anaerobic capacity as a determinant of performance in sprint skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(4):673\u201381.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2414_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00260","volume":"10","author":"PW Macdermid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Macdermid PW, Osborne A, Stannard SR. Mechanical work and physiological responses to simulated flat water slalom kayaking. Front Physiol. 2019;10:260.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.02.002","volume":"18","author":"K McGawley","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGawley K, Bishop DJ. Oxygen uptake during repeated-sprint exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(2):214\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.4.1654","volume":"75","author":"JI Medbo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Medbo JI, Tabata I. Anaerobic energy release in working muscle during 30 s to 3 min of exhausting bicycling. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75(4):1654\u201360.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2414_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964976","volume":"28","author":"C Minahan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minahan C, Chia M, Inbar O. Does power indicate capacity? 30-s Wingate anaerobic test vs. maximal accumulated O2 deficit. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(10):836\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0641-2","volume":"102","author":"C Minahan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Minahan C, Wood C. Strength training improves supramaximal cycling but not anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102(6):659\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR121","first-page":"17","volume":"29","author":"DP Morton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Morton DP, Gastin PB. Effect of high intensity board training on upper body anaerobic capacity and short-lasting exercise performance. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1997;29(1):17\u201321.","journal-title":"Aust J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"23","key":"2414_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1267386","volume":"35","author":"D Muniz-Pumares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muniz-Pumares D, Pedlar C, Godfrey R, Glaister M. A comparison of methods to estimate anaerobic capacity: accumulated oxygen deficit and W\u2032 during constant and all-out work-rate profiles. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(23):2357\u201364.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0343","volume":"12","author":"D Muniz-Pumares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muniz-Pumares D, Pedlar C, Godfrey RJ, Glaister M. Accumulated oxygen deficit during exercise to exhaustion determined at different supramaximal work rates. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(3):351\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.7600\/jspfsm.57.261","volume":"57","author":"K Nakagaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakagaki K, Yoshioka T, Nabekura Y. The relative contribution of anaerobic and aerobic energy systems during flat-water kayak paddling. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 2008;57(2):261\u20139.","journal-title":"Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2414_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972908","volume":"17","author":"A Nummela","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nummela A, Alberts M, Rijntjes RP, Luhtanen P, Rusko H. Reliability and validity of the maximal anaerobic running test. Int J Sports Med. 1996;17(Suppl 2):S97-102.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973048","volume":"16","author":"A Nummela","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nummela A, Rusko H. Time course of anaerobic and aerobic energy expenditure during short-term exhaustive running in athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1995;16(8):522\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00609406","volume":"69","author":"HL Olesen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Olesen HL, Raabo E, Bangsbo J, Secher NH. Maximal oxygen deficit of sprint and middle distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994;69(2):140\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965068","volume":"29","author":"JP Pouilly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pouilly JP, Busso T. Accumulated oxygen deficit during ramp exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(1):16\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050542","volume":"79","author":"LP Pripstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pripstein LP, Rhodes EC, McKenzie DC, Coutts KD. Aerobic and anaerobic energy during a 2-km race simulation in female rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1999;79(6):491\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419408732194","volume":"12","author":"R Ramsbottom","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ramsbottom R, Nevill AM, Nevill ME, Newport S, Williams C. Accumulated oxygen deficit and short-distance running performance. J Sports Sci. 1994;12(5):447\u201353.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2414_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/026404197367489","volume":"15","author":"R Ramsbottom","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ramsbottom R, Nevill ME, Nevill AM, Hazeldine R. Accumulated oxygen deficit and shuttle run performance in physically active men and women. J Sports Sci. 1997;15:207\u201314.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR132","first-page":"645","volume":"13","author":"AE Riojas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riojas AE, Valenzuela JR, Mc FB, Vingren JL, Hill DW. The increase in oxygen demand during severe intensity exercise must be included in the calculation of oxygen deficit. Int J Exerc Sci. 2020;13(4):645\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/026404198366380","volume":"16","author":"AP Russell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Russell AP, Rossignol PFL, Sparrow WA. Prediction of elite schoolboy 2000-m rowing ergometer performance from metabolic, anthropometric and strength variables. J Sports Sci. 1998;16(8):749\u201354.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2414_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075399","volume":"8","author":"RdA Santos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Santos RA, Kiss MA, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Correia-Oliveira CR, Bertuzzi R, Bishop DJ, et al. Caffeine alters anaerobic distribution and pacing during a 4000-m cycling time trial. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e75399.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1351-8","volume":"109","author":"MJ Simmonds","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simmonds MJ, Minahan CL, Sabapathy S. Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(2):287\u201395.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR136","first-page":"59","volume":"11","author":"MR Spencer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Spencer MR, Gastin PB, Wr P. Energy system contributionduring 400 to 1500 metres running. New Stud Athlet. 1996;11:59\u201366.","journal-title":"New Stud Athlet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376665","volume":"67","author":"RT Withers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Withers RT, Van der Ploeg G, Finn JP. Oxygen deficits incurred during 45, 60, 75 and 90-s maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1993;67(2):185\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2414_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e31287","volume":"24","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zouhal H, Jabbour G, Jacob C, Duvigneau D, Botcazou M, Ben Abderrahaman A, et al. Anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution to 400-m flat and 400-m hurdles track running. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(9):2309\u201315.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"SUPPL.","key":"2414_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1139\/h2004-055","volume":"29","author":"LP Laffite","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laffite LP, Vilas-Boas JP, Demarle A, Silva J, Fernandes R, Billat VL. Changes in physiological and stroke parameters during a maximal 400-m free swimming test in elite swimmers. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004;29(SUPPL.):S17\u201331.","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179378","author":"FAB Sousa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sousa FAB, Vasque RE, Gobatto CA. Anaerobic metabolism during short all-out efforts in tethered running: comparison of energy expenditure and mechanical parameters between different sprint durations for testing. PLoS ONE. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0179378.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003311","volume":"34","author":"V Bottollier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bottollier V, Coulmy N, Le Quellec L, Prioux J. Energy demands in well-trained alpine ski racers during different durations of slalom and giant slalom runs. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(8):2156\u201364.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2414_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1023-4280","author":"RA Correia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Correia RA, Feitosa WG, Figueiredo P, Papoti M, Castro FAS. The 400-m front crawl test: energetic and 3D kinematical analyses. Int J Sports Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1023-4280.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2414_CR143","first-page":"1509","volume":"55","author":"MI Ferreira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferreira MI, Barbosa TM, Neiva HP, Vilaca-Alves J, Costa MJ, Marinho DA. Changes of the energetic profile in masters\u2019 swimmers over a season. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55(12):1509\u201316.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0145-5","volume":"96","author":"D Micklewright","year":"2006","unstructured":"Micklewright D, Alkhatib A, Beneke R. Mechanically versus electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer: performance and energy cost of the Wingate anaerobic test. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(6):748\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.4.196","volume":"25","author":"JC Smith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smith JC, Hill DW. Contribution of energy systems during a Wingate power test. Br J Sports Med. 1991;25(4):196\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2414_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410701287172","volume":"25","author":"M Bernardi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bernardi M, Quattrini FM, Rodio A, Fontana G, Madaffari A, Brugnoli M, et al. Physiological characteristics of America\u2019s Cup sailors. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(10):1141\u201352.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0101","volume":"38","author":"D Lovell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lovell D, Kerr A, Wiegand A, Solomon C, Harvey L, McLellan C. The contribution of energy systems during the upper body Wingate anaerobic test. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(2):216\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2414_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0720-3","volume":"88","author":"AD Roberts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roberts AD, Clark SA, Townsend NE, Anderson ME, Gore CJ, Hahn AG. Changes in performance, maximal oxygen uptake and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after 5, 10 and 15 days of live high:train low altitude exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;88(4\u20135):390\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.5.651","volume":"29","author":"H Knuttgen","year":"1970","unstructured":"Knuttgen H. Oxygen debt after submaximal physical exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1970;29(5):651\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00423111","volume":"38","author":"AD Roberts","year":"1978","unstructured":"Roberts AD, Morton AR. Total and alactic oxygen debts after supramaximal work. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1978;38:281\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0991-x","volume":"445","author":"PE di Prampero","year":"2003","unstructured":"di Prampero PE, Francescato MP, Cettolo V. Energetics of muscular exercise at work onset: the steady-state approach. Pflugers Arch. 2003;445(6):741\u20136.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0992-9","volume":"445","author":"MP Francescato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Francescato MP, Cettolo V, di Prampero PE. Relationships between mechanical power, O2 consumption, O2 deficit and high-energy phosphates during calf exercise in humans. Pflugers Arch. 2003;445(5):622\u20138.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199010000-00027","volume":"22","author":"A Martin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Martin A, Spenst L, Drinkwater D, Clarys J. Anthropometric estimation of muscle mass in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(5):729\u201333.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2414_CR154","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology","author":"PE di Prampero","year":"1981","unstructured":"di Prampero PE. Energetics of muscular exercise. In: Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology. Cham: Springer; 1981. p. 143\u2013222."},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517909108833","volume":"39","author":"K Sahlin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sahlin K, Harris R, Hultman E. Resynthesis of creatine phosphate in human muscle after exercise in relation to intramuscular pH and availability of oxygen. Scan J Clin Lab Investig. 1979;39(6):551\u20137.","journal-title":"Scan J Clin Lab Investig"},{"issue":"8","key":"2414_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2646-3","volume":"113","author":"A Sousa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sousa A, Figueiredo P, Zamparo P, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Anaerobic alactic energy assessment in middle distance swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(8):2153\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2414_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00083-3","volume":"118","author":"PE di Prampero","year":"1999","unstructured":"di Prampero PE, Ferretti G. The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: a reappraisal of older and recent concepts. Respir Physiol. 1999;118(2\u20133):103\u201315.","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050435","volume":"78","author":"C Capelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Capelli C, Pendergast DR, Termin B. Energetics of swimming at maximal speeds in humans. Eur J App Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(5):385\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur J App Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2414_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0235-4","volume":"97","author":"T Busso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Busso T, Chatagnon M. Modelling of aerobic and anaerobic energy production in middle-distance running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97(6):745\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"713","key":"2414_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1927.0035","volume":"102","author":"K Furusawa","year":"1927","unstructured":"Furusawa K, Hill AV, Parkinson JL. The dynamics of \u201csprint\u201d running. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1927;102(713):29\u201342.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7101(83)90087-9","volume":"14","author":"CL Vaughan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vaughan CL. Simulation of a sprinter. Part I. Development of a model. Int J Biomed Comput. 1983;14(1):65\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181831f0f","volume":"41","author":"FJ Hettinga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hettinga FJ, De Koning JJ, Foster C. VO2 response in supramaximal cycling time trial exercise of 750 to 4000 m. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):230\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04348-y","volume":"120","author":"TAF Almeida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeida TAF, Pessoa DM, Espada MAC, Reis JF, Simionato AR, Siqueira LOC, et al. $$\\dot{V}$$O2 kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance-trials in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(5):1097\u2013109.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2414_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00725.x","volume":"18","author":"AM Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones AM, Wilkerson D, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M. Influence of pacing strategy on O2 uptake and exercise tolerance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(5):615\u201326.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"15","key":"2414_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131150-00003","volume":"31","author":"A Ross","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ross A, Leveritt M. Long-term metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptations to short-sprint training. Sports Med. 2001;31(15):1063\u201382.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2414_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00115.2015","volume":"120","author":"PM Christensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christensen PM, Jacobs RA, Bonne T, Fl\u00fcck D, Bangsbo J, Lundby C. A short period of high-intensity interval training improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics. J Appl Physiol. 2016;120(11):1319\u201327.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2006.01.008","volume":"22","author":"A Legaz-Arrese","year":"2007","unstructured":"Legaz-Arrese A, Mungu\u00eda-Izquierdo D, Nuviala Nuviala A, Serveto-Galindo O, Moliner Urdiales D, Reverter MJ. Average VO2max as a function of running performances on different distances. Sci Sport. 2007;22(1):43\u20139.","journal-title":"Sci Sport"},{"key":"2414_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1961.16.6.971","volume":"16","author":"P-O Astrand","year":"1961","unstructured":"Astrand P-O, Saltin B. Oxygen uptake during the first minutes of heavy muscular exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1961;16:971\u20136.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2.2.128","volume":"2","author":"DV James","year":"2007","unstructured":"James DV, Sandals LE, Draper SB, Maldonado-Martin S, Wood DM. VO2 attained during treadmill running: the influence of a specialist (400-m or 800-m) event. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2(2):128\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2414_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839153","volume":"60","author":"CJ Gore","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gore CJ, Withers RT. The effect of exercise intensity and duration on the oxygen deficit and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1990;60:169\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2414_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01193.x","author":"FM Iaia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iaia FM, Bangsbo J. Speed endurance training is a powerful stimulus for physiological adaptations and performance improvements of athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01193.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2011.606844","volume":"13","author":"D Cicioni-Kolsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cicioni-Kolsky D, Lorenzen C, Williams MD, Kemp JG. Endurance and sprint benefits of high-intensity and supramaximal interval training. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(3):304\u201311.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2414_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12165","author":"B R\u00f8nnestad","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00f8nnestad B, Hansen J, Vegge G, T\u00f8nnessen E, Slettal\u00f8kken G. Short intervals induce superior training adaptations compared with long intervals in cyclists\u2014an effort\u2010matched approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12165.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2414_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc","volume":"37","author":"U Wisl\u00f8ff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wisl\u00f8ff U, Ellingsen \u00d8, Kemi OJ. High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009;37(3):139\u201346.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.03.006","volume":"60","author":"T Karlsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karlsen T, Aamot I-L, Haykowsky M, Rognmo \u00d8. High intensity interval training for maximizing health outcomes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(1):67\u201377.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2414_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.05.013","volume":"10","author":"MJ Gibala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gibala MJ, Bostad W, McCarthy DG. Physiological adaptations to interval training to promote endurance. Curr Opin Physiol. 2019;10:180\u20134.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2414_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R585","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00731.2007","volume":"294","author":"AM Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, DiMenna F, Fulford J, Poole DC. Muscle metabolic responses to exercise above and below the \u201ccritical power\u201d assessed using 31P-MRS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;294(2):R585\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2414_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12606","volume":"8","author":"T Yokota","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yokota T, Kinugawa S, Hirabayashi K, Suga T, Takada S, Omokawa M, et al. Pioglitazone improves whole\u2010body aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Investig. 2017;8(4):535\u201341.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2414_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22179","volume":"63","author":"JAL Jeneson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jeneson JAL, Schmitz J, Hilbers PAJ, Nicolay K. An MR\u2010compatible bicycle ergometer for in\u2010magnet whole\u2010body human exercise testing. Magn Reson Med. 2009;63(1):257\u201361.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:01:42Z","timestamp":1787756502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests relevant to the content of this review.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No primary data were generated for this review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"PBG conceptualized the review and manuscript. HTS conducted the search, completed initial data extraction, and prepared the PRISMA diagram. PBG and HTS shared responsibility for final selection of studies, data extraction, and preparation of tables and figures. PBG wrote the manuscript with critical feedback from HTS on all drafts. Both authors take responsibility for the content of the manuscript and approved the final version.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}