{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:57:49Z","timestamp":1792259869074,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02437-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:26:34Z","timestamp":1775967994000},"page":"1921-1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Mendias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1302169","volume":"11","author":"L Otvos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Otvos L, Wade JD. Big peptide drugs in a small molecule world. Front Chem. 2023;11:1302169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2023.1302169.","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"2437_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00904-4","volume":"7","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang N, Zhang W, Cheng X, Yan Z, Shao G, et al. Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-00904-4.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2437_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf118","volume":"40","author":"A-L Bonnet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bonnet A-L, Aboishava L, Mannstadt M. Advances in parathyroid hormone-based medicines. J Bone Miner Res. 2025;40:1195\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf118.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2437_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100251","volume":"11","author":"DL Turnock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turnock DL, Gibbs DN. Click, click, buy: the market for novel synthetic peptide hormones on mainstream e-commerce platforms in the UK. Perform Enhanc Health. 2023;11:100251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100251.","journal-title":"Perform Enhanc Health"},{"key":"2437_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020185","volume":"18","author":"M J\u00f3zwiak","year":"2025","unstructured":"J\u00f3zwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. Multifunctionality and possible medical application of the BPC 157 peptide: literature and patent review. Pharmaceuticals Basel. 2025;18:185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18020185.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals Basel"},{"key":"2437_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1120533","volume":"14","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Wei Z, Wang T. MOTS-c: a promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1120533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1120533.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2437_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709144105","volume":"105","author":"AM Haidet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haidet AM, Rizo L, Handy C, Umapathi P, Eagle A, Shilling C, et al. Long-term enhancement of skeletal muscle mass and strength by single gene administration of myostatin inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:4318\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0709144105.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2437_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-025-09990-7","volume":"18","author":"FP McGuire","year":"2025","unstructured":"McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or risk? A narrative review of BPC-157 for musculoskeletal healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18:611\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-025-09990-7.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"2437_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.77145","volume":"17","author":"D De","year":"2025","unstructured":"De D, Jamal ME, Aydemir E, Khera A. Social media algorithms and teen addiction: neurophysiological impact and ethical considerations. Cureus. 2025;17:e77145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.77145.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2437_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13516","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00132","volume":"122","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma A, Kumar A, Torre BGdela, Albericio F. Liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS): a third wave for the preparation of peptides. Chem Rev. 2022;122:13516\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00132.","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2437_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.06.023","volume":"188","author":"S Janvier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janvier S, Cheyns K, Canfyn M, Goscinny S, Spiegeleer BD, Vanhee C, et al. Impurity profiling of the most frequently encountered falsified polypeptide drugs on the Belgian market. Talanta. 2018;188:795\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.06.023.","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2437_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.06.012","volume":"101","author":"M D\u2019Hondt","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Hondt M, Bracke N, Taevernier L, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, Wynendaele E, et al. Related impurities in peptide medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2014;101:2\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.06.012.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2437_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.06.034","volume":"174","author":"S Janvier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Janvier S, Sutter ED, Wynendaele E, Spiegeleer BD, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Analysis of illegal peptide drugs via HILIC-DAD-MS. Talanta. 2017;174:562\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.06.034.","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2437_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3026","volume":"13","author":"LJ H\u00f8j","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f8j LJ, Rasmussen BS, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. Analysis of seized peptide and protein\u2010based doping agents using four complimentary methods: liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry, liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet, Bradford, and immunoassays. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13:1457\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3026.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2437_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf084","volume":"9","author":"N Sood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sood N, Garg R. Global rise of compounded weight-loss medicines: a worrisome trend. J Endocr Soc. 2025;9:bvaf084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf084.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2437_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20523211.2024.2441220","volume":"18","author":"MJ DiStefano","year":"2025","unstructured":"DiStefano MJ, Dardouri M, Moore GD, Saseen JJ, Nair KV. Compounded glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for weight loss: the direct-to-consumer market in Colorado. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2025;18:2441220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20523211.2024.2441220.","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"2437_CR17","unstructured":"US FDA. Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding that may present significant safety risks. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/human-drug-compounding\/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks. Accessed 1 Mar 2026."},{"key":"2437_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091091","volume":"15","author":"M Carvalho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carvalho M, Almeida IF. The role of pharmaceutical compounding in promoting medication adherence. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15:1091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15091091.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2437_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-022-00465-2","volume":"57","author":"A Yoffe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoffe A, Liu J, Smith G, Chisholm O. Regulatory reform outcomes and accelerated regulatory pathways for new prescription medicines in Australia. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2023;57:271\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43441-022-00465-2.","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci"},{"key":"2437_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232130-00004","volume":"32","author":"B Chung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chung B, Wiley JP. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Sports Med. 2002;32:851\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200232130-00004.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0620-z","volume":"47","author":"I Andia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andia I, Maffulli N. Biological therapies in regenerative sports medicine. Sports Med. 2017;47:807\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0620-z.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516637176","volume":"44","author":"JL Hudgens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hudgens JL, Sugg KB, Grekin JA, Gumucio JP, Bedi A, Mendias CL. Platelet-rich plasma activates proinflammatory signaling pathways and induces oxidative stress in tendon fibroblasts. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:1931\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546516637176.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0019-z","volume":"43","author":"P Malliaras","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malliaras P, Barton CJ, Reeves ND, Langberg H. Achilles and patellar tendinopathy loading programmes. Sports Med. 2013;43:267\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0019-z.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1715","volume":"7","author":"HD Cox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cox HD, Smeal SJ, Hughes CM, Cox JE, Eichner D. Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7:31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1715.","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2437_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and tolerability of the hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in humans. J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4021\/jem157w.","DOI":"10.4021\/jem157w"},{"key":"2437_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.12.8522","volume":"142","author":"M Heffernan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang W-J, et al. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and\u03b2 3-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142:5182\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.142.12.8522.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2437_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.57","volume":"87","author":"MA Valentino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valentino MA, Lin JE, Waldman SA. Central and peripheral molecular targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87:652\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.2010.57.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2437_CR28","first-page":"426","volume":"45","author":"DR Kwon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwon DR, Park GY. Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in rabbit osteoarthritis model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45:426\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2437_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12852","volume":"285","author":"A Fedorowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fedorowski A. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management. J Intern Med. 2019;285:352\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.12852.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2437_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/med.0000000000000934","volume":"32","author":"A Bhandarkar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhandarkar A, Bhat S, Kapoor N. Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on body composition. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2025;32:279\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/med.0000000000000934.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2437_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.5414\/cp203943","volume":"59","author":"M M\u00e1rquez-Cruz","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez-Cruz M, Kammar-Garc\u00eda A, Huerta-Cruz JC, Carrasco-Portugal MdelC, Barranco-Gardu\u00f1o LM, Rodr\u00edguez-Silverio J, et al. Three- and six-month efficacy and safety of phentermine in a Mexican obese population. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;59:539\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5414\/cp203943.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2437_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3415","volume":"100","author":"CM Apovian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Pagotto U, et al. Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:342\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-3415.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01302-0","volume":"21","author":"D Karacabeyli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karacabeyli D, Lacaille D. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in arthritis: current insights and future directions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2025;21:671\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-025-01302-0.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2437_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/15563316251355551","volume":"21","author":"N Vasireddi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, et al. Emerging use of BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine: a systematic review. HSS J. 2025;21:485\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15563316251355551.","journal-title":"HSS J"},{"key":"2437_CR35","first-page":"8","volume":"27","author":"E Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-articular injection of BPC 157 for multiple types of knee pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27:8\u201313.","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"2437_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.03.011","volume":"86","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Cao Y. The impact of VEGF on cancer metastasis and systemic disease. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86:251\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.03.011.","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"2437_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/tsm2.6","volume":"1","author":"MP Mead","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mead MP, Gumucio JP, Awan TM, Mendias CL, Sugg KB. Pathogenesis and management of tendinopathies in sports medicine. Transl Sports Med. 2018;1:5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tsm2.6.","journal-title":"Transl Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.05.013","volume":"21","author":"SFE Praet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Praet SFE, Ong JH, Purdam C, Welvaert M, Lovell G, Dixon L, et al. Microvascular volume in symptomatic Achilles tendons is associated with VISA-A score. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21:1185\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.05.013.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2437_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901465","volume":"18","author":"C Foresta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foresta C, Ferlin A, Toni LD, Lana A, Vinanzi C, Galan A, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial function after chronic tadalafil treatment in subjects with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2006;18:484\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901465.","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2437_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-022-04074-4","volume":"40","author":"AM Tawfik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tawfik AM, Radwan MH, Abdulmonem M, Abo-Elenen M, Elgamal SA, Aboufarha MO. Tadalafil monotherapy in management of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. World J Urol. 2022;40:2505\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-022-04074-4.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2437_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1536","volume":"91","author":"SL Teichman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne J-P, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:799\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-1536.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR42","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate CJC 1295 in HIV patients with visceral obesity, NCT00267527. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00267527. Accessed 1 Mar 2026."},{"key":"2437_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-2-223","volume":"61","author":"MC Gelato","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gelato MC, Rittmaster RS, Pescovitz OH, Nicoletti MC, Nixon WE, D\u2019Agata R, et al. Growth hormone responses to continuous infusions of growth hormone-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:223\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-61-2-223.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1172\/jci39375","volume":"119","author":"S Melmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melmed S. Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Investig. 2009;119:3189\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci39375.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2437_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaosglobal-d-21-00156","volume":"6","author":"AE Weber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weber AE, Gallo MC, Bolia IK, Cleary EJ, Schroeder TE, Hatch GFR. Anabolic androgenic steroids in orthopaedic surgery: current concepts and clinical applications. JAAOS Glob Res Rev. 2022;6:e21.00156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/jaaosglobal-d-21-00156.","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob Res Rev"},{"key":"2437_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21244","volume":"39","author":"LR Rodino\u2010Klapac","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodino\u2010Klapac LR, Haidet AM, Kota J, Handy C, Kaspar BK, Mendell JR. Inhibition of myostatin with emphasis on follistatin as a therapy for muscle disease. Muscle Nerve. 2009;39:283\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21244.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2437_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2016-0107","volume":"26","author":"JJ Dueweke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dueweke JJ, Awan TM, Mendias CL. Regeneration of skeletal muscle after eccentric injury. J Sport Rehabil. 2017;26:171\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2016-0107.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"2437_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000112","volume":"1","author":"J Kota","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kota J, Handy CR, Haidet AM, Montgomery CL, Eagle A, Rodino-Klapac LR, et al. Follistatin gene delivery enhances muscle growth and strength in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med. 2009;1:6ra15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000112.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2437_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3233\/jnd-150083","volume":"2","author":"SA Al-Zaidy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Zaidy SA, Sahenk Z, Rodino-Klapac LR, Kaspar B, Mendell JR. Follistatin gene therapy improves ambulation in Becker muscular dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2015;2:185\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jnd-150083.","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"2437_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6666","volume":"85","author":"DJ Phillips","year":"2000","unstructured":"Phillips DJ, Jones KL, McGaw DJ, Groome NP, Smolich JJ, P\u00e4rsson H, et al. Release of activin and follistatin during cardiovascular procedures is largely due to heparin administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2411\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6666.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2019.06.006","volume":"14","author":"S B\u00e4ck","year":"2019","unstructured":"B\u00e4ck S, Dossat A, Parkkinen I, Koivula P, Airavaara M, Richie CT, et al. Neuronal activation stimulates cytomegalovirus promoter-driven transgene expression. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2019;14:180\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtm.2019.06.006.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"2437_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics5020029","volume":"5","author":"L Pickart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pickart L, Margolina A. Skin regenerative and anti-cancer actions of copper peptides. Cosmetics. 2018;5:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics5020029.","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"2437_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-019-01234-y","volume":"65","author":"AA Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor AA, Tsuji JS, Garry MR, McArdle ME, Goodfellow WL, Adams WJ, et al. Critical review of exposure and effects: implications for setting regulatory health criteria for ingested copper. Environ Manag. 2020;65:131\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-019-01234-y.","journal-title":"Environ Manag"},{"key":"2437_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2025.114800","volume":"453","author":"Y Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen Y, Liu M, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Liu X. Molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis in osteoarthritis: pathways, crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities. Exp Cell Res. 2025;453:114800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2025.114800.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2437_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1385\/endo:14:1:133","volume":"14","author":"I Ahnfelt-R\u00f8nne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahnfelt-R\u00f8nne I, Nowak J, Olsen UB. Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? Endocrine. 2001;14:133\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/endo:14:1:133.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2437_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390552","volume":"139","author":"K Raun","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139:552\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1390552.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2437_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1054\/ghir.1999.9998","volume":"9","author":"PB Johansen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skj\u00e6rb\u00e6k C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, et al. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9:106\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/ghir.1999.9998.","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2437_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16194","volume":"23","author":"P Prinz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prinz P, Stengel A. Control of food intake by gastrointestinal peptides: mechanisms of action and possible modulation in the treatment of obesity. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23:180\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5056\/jnm16194.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"2437_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2147\/jep.s249747","volume":"12","author":"EN Mohammadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammadi EN, Louwies T, Pietra C, Northrup SR, Meerveld BG-V. Attenuation of visceral and somatic nociception by ghrelin mimetics. J Exp Pharmacol. 2020;12:267\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jep.s249747.","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"2437_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-014-2030-8","volume":"29","author":"DE Beck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Group on behalf of the I 201 S, Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29:1527\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-014-2030-8.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2437_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.015","volume":"100","author":"A-L Poher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poher A-L, Tsch\u00f6p MH, M\u00fcller TD. Ghrelin regulation of glucose metabolism. Peptides. 2018;100:236\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.015.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2437_CR62","first-page":"929","volume":"29","author":"R Wasko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wasko R, Jaskula M, Kotwicka M, Andrusiewicz M, Jankowska A, Liebert W, et al. The expression of ghrelin in somatotroph and other types of pituitary adenomas. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008;29:929\u201338.","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"2437_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02459-1","volume":"20","author":"A Bilbao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bilbao A, Spanagel R. Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. BMC Med. 2022;20:259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02459-1.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2437_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01568-w","volume":"52","author":"MJD Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Souza MJD, Strock NCA, Ricker EA, Koltun KJ, Barrack M, Joy E, et al. The path towards progress: a critical review to advance the science of the female and male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport. Sports Med. 2022;52:13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01568-w.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.009","volume":"21","author":"C Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21:443\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.009.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103092","volume":"19","author":"CL Lyons","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lyons CL, Roche HM. Nutritional modulation of AMPK-impact upon metabolic-inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:3092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19103092.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2437_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154892","volume":"125","author":"L Mastrototaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mastrototaro L, Roden M. Insulin resistance and insulin sensitizing agents. Metabolism. 2021;125:154892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154892.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2437_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-199912020-00007","volume":"12","author":"A Prakash","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prakash A, Goa KL. Sermorelin. BioDrugs. 1999;12:139\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00063030-199912020-00007.","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2437_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-015-9416-2","volume":"42","author":"M Gonz\u00e1lez-Sales","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sales M, Barri\u00e8re O, Tremblay PO, Nekka F, Mamputu J-C, Boudreault S, et al. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of tesamorelin in HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2015;42:287\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10928-015-9416-2.","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"key":"2437_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/rco2.9","volume":"3","author":"J Ishida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishida J, Saitoh M, Ebner N, Springer J, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development. JCSM Rapid Commun. 2020;3:25\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rco2.9.","journal-title":"JCSM Rapid Commun"},{"key":"2437_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(97)90174-8","volume":"46","author":"J Vittone","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vittone J, Blackman MR, Busby-Whitehead J, Tsiao C, Stewart KJ, Tobin J, et al. Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1\u201329) in healthy elderly men. Metabolism. 1997;46:89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0026-0495(97)90174-8.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2437_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3943","volume":"82","author":"O Khorram","year":"1997","unstructured":"Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SSC. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of[ Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1\u201329)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1472\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3943.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa072375","volume":"357","author":"J Falutz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, Potvin D, Kotler D, Somero M, et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2359\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa072375.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2437_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2794","volume":"97","author":"H Makimura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Makimura H, Feldpausch MN, Rope AM, Hemphill LC, Torriani M, Lee H, et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in obese subjects with reduced growth hormone secretion: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4769\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-2794.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2437_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01459.x","volume":"22","author":"KM Heinemeier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heinemeier KM, Mackey AL, Doessing S, Hansen M, Bayer ML, Nielsen RH, et al. GH\/IGF-I axis and matrix adaptation of the musculotendinous tissue to exercise in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22:e1-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01459.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2437_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12680","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901503r","volume":"33","author":"NP Disser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Disser NP, Sugg KB, Talarek JR, Sarver DC, Rourke BJ, Mendias CL. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth. FASEB J. 2019;33:12680\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.201901503r.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2437_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520920591","volume":"48","author":"CL Mendias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendias CL, Enselman ERS, Olszewski AM, Gumucio JP, Edon DL, Konnaris MA, et al. The use of recombinant human growth hormone to protect against muscle weakness in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a pilot, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:1916\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546520920591.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2437_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180018","volume":"37","author":"A Bartke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartke A. Growth hormone and aging: updated review. World J Mens Health. 2019;37:19\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5534\/wjmh.180018.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"2437_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289616","volume":"18","author":"C Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao C, Liang X, Zhang X, Li Y. The effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on visceral fat and liver ectopic fat in an adult population with or without diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0289616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289616.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2437_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030944","volume":"26","author":"C Tung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tung C, Varzideh F, Farroni E, Mone P, Kansakar U, Jankauskas SS, et al. Elamipretide: a review of its structure, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26030944.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2437_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2025.01111","volume":"19","author":"C Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhao C, Zhuang X, Gao J. Elamipretide: the first cardiolipin-directed mitochondrial therapeutic for Barth syndrome approved under accelerated approval. Drug Discov Ther. 2026;19(6):435\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/ddt.2025.01111.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Ther"},{"key":"2437_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4783602","volume":"2018","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Wang H, Fang J, Dai W, Zhou J, Wang X, et al. SS\u201031 provides neuroprotection by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:4783602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4783602.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2437_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.031","volume":"134","author":"MD Campbell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campbell MD, Duan J, Samuelson AT, Gaffrey MJ, Merrihew GE, Egertson JD, et al. Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;134:268\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.031.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2437_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253849","volume":"16","author":"B Roshanravan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roshanravan B, Liu SZ, Ali AS, Shankland EG, Goss C, Amory JK, et al. In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0253849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0253849.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2437_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)68299-2","volume":"257","author":"TL Low","year":"1982","unstructured":"Low TL, Goldstein AL. Chemical characterization of thymosin beta 4. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:1000\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)68299-2.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2437_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-142307","volume":"24","author":"G Sosne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sosne G, Qiu P, Goldstein AL, Wheater M. Biological activities of thymosin \u00df4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences. FASEB J. 2010;24:2144\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.09-142307.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2437_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.634793","volume":"12","author":"AL Goldstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin \u03b24: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:37\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14712598.2012.634793.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"2437_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06717.x","volume":"1270","author":"T Treadwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treadwell T, Kleinman HK, Crockford D, Hardy MA, Guarnera GT, Goldstein AL. The regenerative peptide thymosin \u03b24 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1270:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06717.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2437_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008976","volume":"5","author":"CF Spurney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spurney CF, Cha H-J, Sali A, Pandey GS, Pistilli E, Guerron AD, et al. Evaluation of skeletal and cardiac muscle function after chronic administration of thymosin \u03b2-4 in the dystrophin deficient mouse. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008976.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2437_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05474.x","volume":"1194","author":"D Ruff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo\u2010controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin \u03b24 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05474.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2437_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8222","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16693","volume":"25","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, Lei C, Li P, Wang Y, et al. A first\u2010in\u2010human, randomized, double\u2010blind, single\u2010 and multiple\u2010dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin \u03b24 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:8222\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.16693.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2437_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010554","volume":"24","author":"G Sosne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sosne G, Kleinman HK, Springs C, Gross RH, Sung J, Kang S. 0.1% RGN-259 (thymosin \u00df4) ophthalmic solution promotes healing and improves comfort in neurotrophic keratopathy patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked phase III clinical trial. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24:554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010554.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2437_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf223","volume":"121","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Dong Q, Bian X, Qiao Z, Cui C, Yang N, et al. Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 2025;121:2747\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf223.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2437_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2026.171467","volume":"195","author":"H Di","year":"2026","unstructured":"Di H, Huang J, Zhang D, Ni F, Zheng R, Geng H. Thymosin beta 4: an emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases. Peptides. 2026;195:171467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2026.171467.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2437_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2012.756111","volume":"31","author":"S Sribenja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sribenja S, Wongkham S, Wongkham C, Yao Q, Chen C. Roles and mechanisms of \u03b2-thymosins in cell migration and cancer metastasis: an update. Cancer Investig. 2013;31:103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07357907.2012.756111.","journal-title":"Cancer Investig"},{"key":"2437_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2012","volume":"93","author":"F Benedetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benedetti F. Placebo and the new physiology of the doctor-patient relationship. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:1207\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00043.2012.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2437_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10390","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3458-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"F Benedetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benedetti F, Mayberg HS, Wager TD, Stohler CS, Zubieta J-K. Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect. J Neurosci. 2005;25:10390\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.3458-05.2005.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2437_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(09)70287-x","volume":"8","author":"V Voon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Voon V, Fernagut P-O, Wickens J, Baunez C, Rodriguez M, Pavon N, et al. Chronic dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from dyskinesias to impulse control disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:1140\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(09)70287-x.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2437_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666x.2018.1516144","volume":"14","author":"RM Smits","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smits RM, Veldhuijzen DS, Wulffraat NM, Evers AWM. The role of placebo effects in immune-related conditions: mechanisms and clinical considerations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2018;14:761\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666x.2018.1516144.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2437_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1811","volume":"25","author":"J (Hans)PA van Lennep","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Lennep J (Hans)PA, Tross\u00e8l F, Perez RSGM, Otten RHJ, van Middendorp H, Evers AWM, et al. Placebo effects in low back pain: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of the literature. Eur J Pain. 2021;25:1876\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1811.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2437_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2222","volume":"28","author":"T Saueressig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saueressig T, Owen PJ, Pedder H, Tagliaferri S, Kaczorowski S, Altrichter A, et al. The importance of context (placebo effects) in conservative interventions for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pain. 2024;28:675\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.2222.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2437_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020327","volume":"16","author":"F Valero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valero F, Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno F, Salinero JJ. Belief that caffeine ingestion improves performance in a 6-minute time trial test without affecting pacing strategy. Nutrients. 2024;16:327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16020327.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2437_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06344.x","volume":"28","author":"A Pollo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pollo A, Carlino E, Benedetti F. The top\u2010down influence of ergogenic placebos on muscle work and fatigue. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;28:379\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06344.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2437_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000700","volume":"157","author":"C Carvalho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvalho C, Caetano JM, Cunha L, Rebouta P, Kaptchuk TJ, Kirsch I. Open-label placebo treatment in chronic low back pain. Pain. 2016;157:2766\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000700.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2437_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12091","volume":"17","author":"S Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Bail\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Bail\u00f3n S, Lelkes Y. Do social media undermine social cohesion? A critical review. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2023;17:155\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sipr.12091.","journal-title":"Soc Issues Policy Rev"},{"key":"2437_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2022.2124767","volume":"36","author":"DH Zamil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zamil DH, Ameri M, Fu S, Abughosh FM, Katta R. Skin, hair, and nail supplements advertised on Instagram. Baylor Univ Med Cent Proc. 2023;36:38\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08998280.2022.2124767.","journal-title":"Baylor Univ Med Cent Proc"},{"key":"2437_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03616-4","volume":"398","author":"J-N Ricke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ricke J-N, Seifert R. Disinformation on dietary supplements by German influencers on Instagram. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398:5629\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-024-03616-4.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2437_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2021.1903627","volume":"26","author":"W-YS Chou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chou W-YS, Gaysynsky A, Trivedi N, Vanderpool RC. Using social media for health: National data from HINTS 2019. J Health Commun. 2021;26:184\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10810730.2021.1903627.","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"2437_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400236","volume":"5","author":"S Kraljevic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kraljevic S, Stambrook PJ, Pavelic K. Accelerating drug discovery. EMBO Rep. 2004;5:837\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.embor.7400236.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02437-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02437-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02437-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:53:36Z","timestamp":1786352016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02437-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02437-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Tariq M. Awan receives consulting fees from Arthrex for activities unrelated to topics discussed in this article. Christopher L. Mendias has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of data and material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"CLM and TMA conceived the study; CLM drafted the manuscript; CLM and TMA edited the manuscript, and read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree with the order of presentation of the authors.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}