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These variables are used to estimate speed or power at lactate threshold (LT) and lactate turnpoint (LTP), which serve as performance proxies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the relationships between these variables in a large cohort of runners and cyclists and quantified their relative contributions to performance prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      495 runners (105 females) and 393 cyclists (42 females) completed incremental exercise tests to determine maximal oxygen uptake (running [R]: 56\u00a0mL\/kg\/min, 3.94 L\/min; cycling [C]: 52\u00a0mL\/kg\/min, 3.99 L\/min), economy (R: 220\u00a0mL\/kg\/km; C: 14.7\u00a0mL\/min\/W), FU\n                      <jats:sub>LT<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0(R: 78%; C: 70%), FU\n                      <jats:sub>LTP<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0(R: 88%; C: 84%), and speed or power at LT (R: 12.0\u00a0km\/h; C: 190 W) and LTP (R: 13.9\u00a0km\/h; C: 240 W). Single and multiple linear regression models were used to examine the relationship and relative contribution of physiological determinants to performance proxies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Speed or power at LT and LTP correlated strongly and positively with maximal oxygen uptake (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.65\u20130.77;\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and inversely with economy (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24\u20130.26;\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In contrast, trivial relationships were observed with FU\n                      <jats:sub>LT<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.04;\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.05) or FU\n                      <jats:sub>LTP<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0(\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.01;\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.09). Regression models estimating LT and LTP from physiological determinants showed very strong agreement with measured performance proxies (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.94\u20130.99;\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), indicating consistency in their relative contribution to performance proxies. Maximal oxygen uptake contributed most to performance proxies (65\u201376%) followed by running economy (20\u201324%), with marginal contributions from FU\n                      <jats:sub>LT<\/jats:sub>\n                      or FU\n                      <jats:sub>LTP<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0(4\u201311%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results indicate that maximal oxygen uptake and economy collectively predict\u2009~\u200995% of speed or power at LT and LTP, and by extension performance, whilst the contribution of FU\n                      <jats:sub>LT<\/jats:sub>\n                      or FU\n                      <jats:sub>LTP<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0is limited in populations with heterogeneous characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02439-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T21:07:36Z","timestamp":1777842456000},"page":"2047-2065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["35 Years of Joyner\u2019s Endurance Performance Model: Assessing the Contribution of Physiological Determinants of Performance Proxies in 888 Individuals from Recreational to World Class"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9401-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efs","family":"Mougin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2082-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Mears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhona","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8148-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Zanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPL.1991.70.2.683","volume":"70","author":"MJ Joyner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Joyner MJ. 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Jones is an Editorial Board member of\n                      Sports Medicine\n                      . Andrew M. Jones was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Lo\u00efs Mougin, Stephen J. Bailey, Michael J. Joyner, Stephen A. Mears, Rhona Pearce and Michele Zanini have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the Loughborough University Ethics Review Sub-Committee (Projects ID: G13-P1; 2020\u20131944-1940).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data were collected after securing written informed consent from each participant in line with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data are available on request from the corresponding author.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"RP and MZ collected the data. LM and MZ analysed the data and conducted the statistical analyses. RP, AJM, MJJ, SJB, SAM, MZ and LM interpreted the data. LM and MZ drafted the initial manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and read and approved the final version.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}