{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:25:31Z","timestamp":1792783531694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03f0f6041","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the acute demands of short-bout high-intensity interval training can enhance training outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to examine the acute physiological and perceptual demands of short-bout high-intensity interval training in athletes and identify how they are moderated by programming variables, fitness level and competitive level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL on 2 December, 2025 for original research articles investigating running-based, short-bout high-intensity interval training in healthy athletes, aged 16\u201340\u00a0years, of any sex, who were recreationally active or above. Outcomes were analysed using a multi-level mixed-effects meta-analysis. The analysed outcomes were: average heart rate (HR\n                      <jats:sub>avg<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), peak heart rate (HR\n                      <jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), peak and average oxygen consumption (\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), time\u2009&gt;\u200990% of maximal oxygen consumption (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200990%\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), time\u2009&gt;\u200995% of\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200995%\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200990%\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/exercise time ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ET),\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200995%\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/exercise time ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ET), blood lactate concentration (B[La]) and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE). To examine the influence of programming variables, fitness level, and competitive level, a meta-regression was performed on moderators with ten or more samples. Effects were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence limits against elected thresholds of practical importance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 139 data samples within 46 studies, the pooled demands (\u00b1\u200990% confidence limit) of short-bout high-intensity interval training were: HR\n                      <jats:sub>avg<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 169\u2009\u00b1\u20094 b\u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 88\u2009\u00b1\u20092% of maximum heart rate; HR\n                      <jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 184\u2009\u00b1\u20094 b\u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 94\u2009\u00b1\u20092% of maximum heart rate; average\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 46\u2009\u00b1\u20093\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 78\u2009\u00b1\u20094% of velocity at\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ; peak\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 55\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 93\u2009\u00b1\u20097% of\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200990% velocity at\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 259\u2009\u00b1\u200957\u00a0s; time\u2009&gt;\u200995%\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 125\u2009\u00b1\u200948\u00a0s;\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ET, 0.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9;\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ET, 0.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07; B[La], 8.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0mmol\u00b7L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; and sRPE, 7.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 au. When compared to an athlete\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 50\u201355\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , a\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 55\u201360\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and\u2009&gt;\u200960\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      were associated with a substantial decrease in sRPE (\u2212\u20091.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3 au and \u20131.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 au, respectively). Compared to a reference protocol of 1 set of 12 straight-line repetitions, performed at 120% of maximal aerobic speed for a 15-s work duration with 15\u00a0s of passive rest: shuttle runs were associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (1.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u00a0mmol\u00b7L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and sRPE (1.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 au); active rest was associated with a substantial increase in\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ET (0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11); performing a 15-s longer repetition was associated with a substantial increase in\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200990% velocity at\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      (160\u2009\u00b1\u2009113\u00a0s); completing one more set was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00a0mmol\u00b7L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ); and a 5% increase in maximal aerobic speed was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00a0mmol\u00b7L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), HR\n                      <jats:sub>avg<\/jats:sub>\n                      (3.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4 b\u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ET (0.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04), but a substantial decrease in\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200995%\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u2212\u200944\u2009\u00b1\u200928\u00a0s). All other moderators had compatibility with trivial effects or were inconclusive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short-bout high-intensity interval training elicits a substantial physiological stimulus, which is influenced by programming variables, athlete fitness level and competitive level. Implementing an active rest period, longer repetition duration and a higher running intensity are effective strategies to maximise the aerobic stimulus, while shuttle runs increase the anaerobic demand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02456-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T09:54:40Z","timestamp":1779443680000},"page":"2497-2526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Acute Effects of Short-Bout High-Intensity Interval Training on Physiological and Perceptual Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fraser","family":"Thurlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Cowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Slattery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon","family":"Weakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232010-00003","volume":"32","author":"PB Laursen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):53\u201373.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01938-6","volume":"53","author":"AM Coates","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coates AM, Joyner MJ, Little JP, Jones AM, Gibala MJ. A perspective on high-intensity interval training for performance and health. Sports Med. 2023;53:85\u201396.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2456_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0066-5","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med. 2013;43(10):927\u201354.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0066-5","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle. Part 2: anaerobic energy, neuromuscular load and practical applications. Sports Med. 2013;43:927\u201354.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2456_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000984","volume":"29","author":"BD McLean","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLean BD, Tofari PJ, Gore CJ, Kemp JG. Changes in running performance after four weeks of interval hypoxic training in Australian footballers: a single-blind placebo-controlled study. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(11):3206\u201315.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2456_CR6","first-page":"253","volume":"90","author":"JG Ortiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ortiz JG, de Lucas RD, Teixeira AS, Mohr PA, Guglielmo LGA. The effects of a supramaximal intermittent training program on aerobic and anaerobic running measures in junior male soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2024;90:253\u201367.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211032739","volume":"17","author":"J Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng J, Xu J, Xu Y, Zhou W, Xu F. Effects of 4-week small-sided games vs. high-intensity interval training with changes of direction in female collegiate basketball players. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2022;17(2):366\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2020.08.002","volume":"36","author":"FJ Arantes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arantes FJ, Vieira PF, Borges DL, Lizardo FB, Nunes JED, Pereira AA. Effect of different work and recovery settings during high-intensity intermittent training on maximal oxygen uptake and session volume responses. Sci Sports. 2021;36(5):415.e1-7.","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0540-6","volume":"102","author":"D Thevenet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thevenet D, Tardieu M, Zouhal H, Jacob C, Abderrahman BA, Prioux J. Influence of exercise intensity on time spent at high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young endurance-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(1):19\u201326.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2456_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492595830","volume-title":"Science and application of high-intensity interval training","author":"P Laursen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laursen P, Buchheit M. Science and application of high-intensity interval training. Human Kinetics; 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000005064","volume":"39","author":"F Thurlow","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thurlow F, Timmins R, McLaren SJ, Lawton B, Cowley N, Townshend A, et al. The effects of repeated-sprint training vs short-bout high intensity-interval training on hamstring architecture and physical fitness. J Strength Cond Res. 2025;39(5):620\u20137.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2456_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1472811","volume":"18","author":"G McEwan","year":"2018","unstructured":"McEwan G, Arthur R, Phillips SM, Gibson NV, Easton C. Interval running with self-selected recovery: physiology, performance, and perception. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(8):1058\u201367.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0132","volume":"42","author":"M Panasc\u00ec","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panasc\u00ec M, Lepers R, La Torre A, Bonato M, Assadi H. Physiological responses during intermittent running exercise differ between outdoor and treadmill running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(9):973\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2456_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1863644","volume":"39","author":"F Clemente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clemente F, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H. Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player\u2019s physical fitness: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(11):1202\u201322.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2556-9","volume":"113","author":"BA Abderrahman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abderrahman BA, Zouhal H, Chamari K, Thevenet D, de Mullenheim P-Y, Gastinger S, et al. Effects of recovery mode (active vs. passive) on performance during a short high-intensity interval training program: a longitudinal study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(6):1373\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12217","volume":"25","author":"F Thurlow","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thurlow F, McLaren SJ, Townshend A, Morrison M, Cowley N, Weakley J. Repeated-sprint training: the effects of session volume on acute physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance outcomes in athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2025;25(1):e12217.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01959-1","volume":"54","author":"F Thurlow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thurlow F, Huynh M, Townshend A, McLaren SJ, Lachlan JP, Taylor JM, et al. The effects of repeated-sprint training on physical fitness and physiological adaptation in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2024;54(4):953\u201374.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2456_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01853-w","volume":"53","author":"F Thurlow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thurlow F, Weakley J, Townshend AD, Timmins RG, Morrison M, McLaren SJ. The acute demands of repeated-sprint training on physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance outcomes in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2023;53(8):1609\u201340.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000881","author":"F Thurlow","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thurlow F, McLaren SJ, Townshend A, Weakley J. The application of repeated-sprint training. Strength Cond J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000881.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.26582\/k.55.1.1","volume":"55","author":"D Bok","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bok D, Gulin J, Gregov C. Accuracy of the 20-m shuttle run test for individualizing Eexercise intensity of high-intenesity interval training. Kinesiology. 2023;55(1):3\u201312.","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.25723","volume":"6","author":"A Dellal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dellal A, Casamichana D, Castellano J, Haddad M, Moalla W, Chamari K. Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation in elite soccer players during different types of traditional high-intensity training exercise modes and specific tests: interests and limits. Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(4):e25723.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2456_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b94a63","volume":"24","author":"A Dellal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dellal A, Keller D, Carling C, Chaouachi A, Wong delP, Chamari K. Physiologic effects of directional changes in intermittent exercise in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(12):3219\u201326.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12030076","volume":"12","author":"II Psarras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Psarras II, Bogdanis GC. Physiological responses and performance during an integrated high-intensity interval aerobic and power training protocol. Sports. 2024;12(3):76.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"2456_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1181646","volume":"14","author":"J Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng J, Pojskic H, Xu J, Xu Y, Xu F. Acute physiological, perceived exertion and enjoyment responses during a 4-week basketball training: a small-sided game vs. high-intensity interval training. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1181646.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2456_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636020-00003","volume":"36","author":"AW Midgley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Wilkinson M. Is there an optimal training intensity for enhancing the maximal oxygen uptake of distance runners? Empirical research findings, current opinions, physiological rationale and practical recommendations. Sports Med. 2006;36:117\u201332.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131020-00001","volume":"31","author":"LV Billat","year":"2001","unstructured":"Billat LV. Interval training for performance: a scientific and empirical practice. Special recommendations for middle- and long-distance running. Part II: anaerobic interval training. Sports Med. 2001;31(2):75\u201390.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2456_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12202","volume":"24","author":"I Odden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Odden I, Nymoen L, Urianstad T, Kristoffersen M, Hammarstr\u00f6m D, Hansen J, et al. The higher the fraction of maximal oxygen uptake is during interval training, the greater is the cycling performance gain. Eur J Sport Sci. 2024;24(11):1583\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00496.2007","volume":"103","author":"TM Altenburg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Altenburg TM, Degens H, van Mechelen W, Sargeant AJ, de Haan A. Recruitment of single muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(5):1752\u20136.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010639","volume":"241","author":"P Gollnick","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gollnick P, Piehl K, Saltin B. Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates. J Physiol. 1974;241(1):45\u201357.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050029","volume":"81","author":"VL Billat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Billat VL, Slawinski J, Bocquet V, Demarle A, Lafitte L, Chassaing P, et al. Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptake for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81(3):188\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2456_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1103317","volume":"16","author":"L Cipryan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cipryan L, Laursen PB, Plews DJ. Cardiac autonomic response following high-intensity running work-to-rest interval manipulation. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(7):808\u201317.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR32","first-page":"219","volume":"16","author":"L Cipryan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cipryan L, Tschakert G, Hofmann P. Acute and post-exercise physiological responses to high-intensity interval training in endurance and sprint athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2017;16(2):219\u201329.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0031","volume":"15","author":"GP Ducrocq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ducrocq GP, Hureau TJ, Meste O, Blain GM. Similar cardioventilatory but greater neuromuscular stimuli with interval drop jump than with interval running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(3):330\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1139\/h02-008","volume":"27","author":"G Dupont","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dupont G, Blondel N, Lensel G, Berthoin S. Critical velocity and time spent at a high level of for short intermittent runs at supramaximal velocities. Can J Appl Physiol. 2002;27(2):103\u201315.","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1139\/h03-030","volume":"28","author":"GP Millet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Millet GP, Candau R, Fattori P, Bignet F, Varray A. VO2 responses to different intermittent runs at velocity associated with VO2max. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003;28(3):410\u201323.","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1548650","volume":"19","author":"JPA Naves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naves JPA, Rebelo ACS, Silva L, Silva MS, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez R, et al. Cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses of two interval training and a continuous training protocol in healthy young men. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;19(5):653\u201360.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2456_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802072697","volume":"26","author":"D Thevenet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thevenet D, Leclair E, Tardieu-Berger M, Berthoin S, Regueme S, Prioux J. Influence of recovery intensity on time spent at maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young, endurance-trained athletes. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(12):1313\u201321.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34285","volume":"4","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zouhal H, Lemoal E, Wong delP, Benounis O, Castagna C, Duluc C, et al. Physiological responses of general vs. specific aerobic endurance exercises in soccer. Asian J Sports Med. 2013;4(3):213\u201320.","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"2456_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1139\/h2004-054","volume":"29","author":"G Dupont","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dupont G, Berthoin S. Time spent at a high percentage of VO2max for short intermittent runs: active versus passive recovery. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004;29(Suppl.):S3-16.","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924336","volume":"28","author":"AW Midgley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Carroll S. Physiological determinants of time to exhaustion during intermittent treadmill running at v$$\\dot{V}$$O2max. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(4):273\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-923856","volume":"28","author":"AW Midgley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Carroll S. Reproducibility of time at or near VO2max during intermittent treadmill running. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(1):40\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR42","first-page":"188","volume":"21","author":"R Rozenek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rozenek R, Funato K, Kubo J, Hoshikawa M, Matsuo A. Physiological responses to interval training sessions at velocities associated with VO2max. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(1):188\u201392.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2456_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1189-z","volume":"93","author":"M Tardieu-Berger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tardieu-Berger M, Thevenet D, Zouhal H, Prioux J. Effects of active recovery between series on performance during an intermittent exercise model in young endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;93(1\u20132):145\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bc19b1","volume":"23","author":"BR Wakefield","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wakefield BR, Glaister M. Influence of work-interval intensity and duration on time spent at a high percentage of VO2max during intermittent supramaximal exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(9):2548\u201354.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.11.007","volume":"12","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Lepretre PM, Behaegel AL, Millet GP, Cuvelier G, Ahmaidi S. Cardiorespiratory responses during running and sport-specific exercises in handball players. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12(3):399\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14411","volume":"33","author":"D Bok","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bok D, Gulin J, \u0160kegro D, \u0160alaj S, Foster C. Comparison of anaerobic speed reserve and maximal aerobic speed methods to prescribe short format high-intensity interval training. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33(9):1638\u201347.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01551-5","volume":"52","author":"AC Jeffries","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeffries AC, Marcora SM, Coutts AJ, Wallace L, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Development of a revised conceptual framework of physical training for use in research and practice. Sports Med. 2022;52(4):709\u201324.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR48","unstructured":"Alizadeh R, Hovanloo F, Safania AM. The relationship between aerobic power and repeated sprint ability in young soccer players with different levels of VO2max. J Phys Educ Sport. 2010;27(2)."},{"key":"2456_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0180-z","volume":"44","author":"M Weston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weston M, Taylor KL, Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports Med. 2014;44:1005\u201317.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2456_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010695","volume":"18","author":"S Brini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brini S, Boullosa D, Calleja-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Delextrat A. Construct validity and reliability of a new basketball multidirectional reactive repeated sprint test. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10695.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2456_CR51","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2009;6(7):e1000097.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","volume":"17","author":"AK McKay","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKay AK, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, et al. Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(2):317\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","volume":"52","author":"SH Downs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377\u201384.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2456_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01877-2","author":"J Weakley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weakley J, Cowley N, Schoenfield B, Read D, Timmins R, Garcia-Ramos A, et al. The effect of feedback on resistance training performance and adaptations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01877-2.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01382-w","volume":"51","author":"J Weakley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weakley J, Morrison M, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A, Johnston R, James L, Cole MH. The validity and reliability of commercially available resistance training monitoring devices: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2021;51:443\u2013502.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley & Sons; 2019."},{"key":"2456_CR57","volume-title":"The Borg CR ss folder: methods for measuring intensity of experience","author":"G Borg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borg G. The Borg CR ss folder: methods for measuring intensity of experience. Stockholm: Stockholm University; 2010."},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR58","first-page":"1119","volume":"57","author":"A Riboli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riboli A, C\u00e8 E, Rampichini S, Venturelli M, Alberti G, Limonta E, et al. Comparison between continuous and discontinuous incremental treadmill test to assess velocity at $$\\dot{V}$$O2max. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016;57(9):1119\u201325.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.104.3.313.12908","volume":"104","author":"V Billat","year":"1996","unstructured":"Billat V, Hill D, Pinoteau J, Petit B, Koralsztein J-P. Effect of protocol on determination of velocity at VO2max and on its time to exhaustion. Arch Physiol Biochem. 1996;104(3):313\u201321.","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2456_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00510","volume":"7","author":"N \u010covi\u0107","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u010covi\u0107 N, Jele\u0161kovi\u0107 E, Ali\u0107 H, Ra\u0111o I, Kafed\u017ei\u0107 E, Spori\u0161 G, et al. Reliability, validity and usefulness of 30\u201315 intermittent fitness test in female soccer players. Front Physiol. 2016;7:510.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181635b2e","volume":"22","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buchheit M. The 30-15 intermittent fitness test: accuracy for individualizing interval training of young intermittent sport players. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(2):365\u201374.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2456_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1023257","volume":"13","author":"M Thron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thron M, Woll A, Klos L, H\u00e4rtel S, Ruf L, Kloss C, et al. Overestimation of maximal aerobic speed by the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al track test and a 1500-m-time trial in soccer. Front Physiol. 2022;13:1023257.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl. 1","key":"2456_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S386","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000322648.63732.62","volume":"40","author":"F Brocherie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brocherie F, Racinais S, Chatard J-C, Grantham J. Comparison of maximal aerobic velocity assessed with laboratory and field measurements in elite soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(5 Suppl. 1):S386.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR64","first-page":"167","volume":"27","author":"Y Michailidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michailidis Y, Chavlis S, Mitrotasios M, Ispirlidis I, Vardakis L, Margonis K, et al. The use of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 for the estimation of maximal oxygen uptake in youth elite soccer players. Trends Sport Sci. 2020;27(3):167\u201373.","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"2456_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.609179","volume":"29","author":"J Da Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Da Silva J, Guglielmo LA, Carminatti L, De Oliveira F, Dittrich N, Paton C. Validity and reliability of a new field test (Carminatti\u2019s test) for soccer players compared with laboratory-based measures. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(15):1621\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2456_CR66","unstructured":"Heaney NE, Williams MD, Lorenzen C, Kemp JG. Comparison of a YOYO IR1 test and a VO2max test as a determination of training speeds and evaluation of aerobic power. Australian Strength and Conditioning Association International Conference on Applied Strength and Conditioning. Gold Coast (QLD): 2009."},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003121","volume":"33","author":"JG Pallar\u00e9s","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pallar\u00e9s JG, Cerezuela-Espejo V, Mor\u00e1n-Navarro R, Mart\u00ednez-Cava A, Conesa E, Courel-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J. A new short track test to estimate the VO2max and maximal aerobic speed in well-trained runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(5):1216\u201321.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2456_CR68","first-page":"466","volume":"16","author":"KMd Souza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Souza KMd, Lucas RDd, Grossl T, Costa VP, Guglielmo LGA, Denadai BS. Performance prediction of endurance runners through laboratory and track tests. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2014;16:466\u201374.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626760","volume":"62","author":"J Lacour","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lacour J, Padilla-Magunacelaya S, Chatard J, Arsac L, Barthelemy J. Assessment of running velocity at maximal oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991;62(2):77\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1624833","volume":"20","author":"UF Julio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Julio UF, Panissa VLG, Paludo AC, Alves ED, Campos FAD, Franchini E. Use of the anaerobic speed reserve to normalize the prescription of high-intensity interval exercise intensity. Eur J Sport Sci. 2020;20(2):166\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09415-6","volume":"29","author":"MW-L Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung MW-L. A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with non-independent effect sizes. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019;29(4):387\u201396.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3):1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"7","key":"2456_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","volume":"6","author":"J IntHout","year":"2016","unstructured":"IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e010247.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn204","volume":"37","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Higgins JP. Commentary: heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(5):1158\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2514","volume":"26","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Confidence intervals for the amount of heterogeneity in meta\u2010analysis. Stat Med. 2007;26(1):37\u201352.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2456_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2018.1529625","volume":"73","author":"S Greenland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greenland S. Valid p-values behave exactly as they should: some misleading criticisms of p-values and their resolution with s-values. Am Stat. 2019;73(Suppl. 1):106\u201314.","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"2456_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00073","volume":"5","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol. 2014;5:73.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2456_CR78","unstructured":"McLaren SJ. The application of differential ratings of perceived exertion to training monitoring in team sports [doctoral thesis]. Middlesbrough: Teesside University; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"A Midgley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Midgley A, Mc NL. Time at or near VO2max during continuous and intermittent running: a review with special reference to considerations for the optimisation of training protocols to elicit the longest time at or near VO2max. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006;46(1):1.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"2456_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3263-0","volume":"116","author":"T Turnes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turnes T, de Aguiar RA, Cruz RSdO, Caputo F. Interval training in the boundaries of severe domain: effects on aerobic parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:161\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2456_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737100-00003","volume":"37","author":"AW Midgley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Jones AM. Training to enhance the physiological determinants of long-distance running performance: can valid recommendations be given to runners and coaches based on current scientific knowledge? Sports Med. 2007;37:857\u201380.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2021-1","volume":"112","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Abbiss CR, Peiffer JJ, Laursen PB. Performance and physiological responses during a sprint interval training session: relationships with muscle oxygenation and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(2):767\u201379.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182184fcb","volume":"26","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Voss SC, Williams BK, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bourdon PC. Physiological strain associated with high-intensity hypoxic intervals in highly trained young runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(1):94\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR84","first-page":"96","volume":"40","author":"S Demarie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Demarie S, Koralsztein JP, Billat V. Time limit and time at VO2max\u2019 during a continuous and an intermittent run. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000;40(2):96\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"01","key":"2456_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-124429","volume":"2","author":"SA Valstad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valstad SA, von Heimburg E, Welde B, van den Tillaar R. Comparison of long and short high-intensity interval exercise bouts on running performance, physiological and perceptual responses. Sports Med Int Open. 2018;2(01):E20\u20137.","journal-title":"Sports Med Int Open"},{"key":"2456_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00004","volume":"33","author":"J Achten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Heart rate monitoring: applications and limitations. Sports Med. 2003;33:517\u201338.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2165\/11590560-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"D Bishop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. Repeated-sprint ability: Part II. Sports Med. 2011;41(9):741\u201356.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR88","first-page":"501","volume":"22","author":"J Medb\u00f8","year":"1990","unstructured":"Medb\u00f8 J, Burgers S. Effect of training on the anaerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(4):501\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01475-0","volume":"51","author":"JF Vigh-Larsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vigh-Larsen JF, \u00d8rtenblad N, Spriet LL, Overgaard K, Mohr M. Muscle glycogen metabolism and high-intensity exercise performance: a narrative review. Sports Med. 2021;51(9):1855\u201374.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2456_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199604000-00014","volume":"28","author":"NM Stoudemire","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stoudemire NM, Wideman L, Pass KA, McGINNES CL, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. The validity of regulating blood lactate concentration during running by ratings of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:490\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199406000-00021","volume":"26","author":"J Steed","year":"1994","unstructured":"Steed J, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration during submaximal running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(6):797\u2013803.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000177560.18014.d8","volume":"37","author":"S Seiler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seiler S, Hetlelid KJ. The impact of rest duration on work intensity and RPE during interval training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(9):1601\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14603","volume":"34","author":"DN Borg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borg DN, Impellizzeri F, Borg SJ, Hutchins KP, Stewart I, Jones T, et al. Meta-analysis prediction intervals are under reported in sport and exercise medicine. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024;34(3):e146032023.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2456_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838120-00007","volume":"38","author":"M Brughelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brughelli M, Cronin J, Levin G, Chaouachi A. Understanding change of direction ability in sport: a review of resistance training studies. Sports Med. 2008;38:1045\u201363.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-1847-6-2","volume":"6","author":"K Hader","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hader K, Mendez-Villanueva A, Ahmaidi S, Williams B, Buchheit M. Changes of direction during high-intensity intermittent runs: neuromuscular and metabolic responses. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2014;6(1):1\u201325.","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2024.812","volume":"23","author":"P Thomakos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomakos P, Tsekos P, Tselios Z, Spyrou K, Katsikas C, Tsoukos A, et al. Effects of two in-season short high-intensity interval training formats on aerobic and neuromuscular performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci Med. 2024;23(4):812.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.134761","volume":"41","author":"M Stankovi\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stankovi\u0107 M, Trajkovi\u0107 N, Ma\u010dak D, \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 D, Lazi\u0107 A, Milanovi\u0107 Z. Effects of linear and change of direction high-intensity interval training on physical performance of elite female soccer players. Biol Sport. 2024;41(4):31\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.4.4.435","volume":"4","author":"H Al Haddad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al Haddad H, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S, Buchheit M. Nocturnal heart rate variability following supramaximal intermittent exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009;4(4):435\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31817398c6","volume":"22","author":"A Dellal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dellal A, Chamari K, Pintus A, Girard O, Cotte T, Keller D. Heart rate responses during small-sided games and short intermittent running training in elite soccer players: a comparative study. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1449\u201357.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-096","volume":"36","author":"A Zafeiridis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zafeiridis A, Rizos S, Sarivasiliou H, Kazias A, Dipla K, Vrabas IS. The extent of aerobic system activation during continuous and interval exercise protocols in young adolescents and men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36(1):128\u201336.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2456_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0844-0","volume":"90","author":"GP Millet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Millet GP, Libicz S, Borrani F, Fattori P, Bignet F, Candau R. Effects of increased intensity of intermittent training in runners with differing VO2 kinetics. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;90(1\u20132):50\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2456_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1507957","volume":"6","author":"D Fleckenstein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fleckenstein D, Braunstein H, Walter N. Faster intervals, faster recoveries-intensified short VO2max running intervals are inferior to traditional long intervals in terms of time spent above 90% VO2max. Front Sports Act Liv. 2025;6:1507957.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Liv"},{"issue":"7","key":"2456_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002570","volume":"32","author":"A Delextrat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delextrat A, Gruet M, Bieuzen F. Effects of small-sided games and high-intensity interval training on aerobic and repeated sprint performance and peripheral muscle oxygenation changes in elite junior basketball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(7):1882\u201391.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2456_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01523-9","volume":"51","author":"GN Sandford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandford GN, Laursen PB, Buchheit M. Anaerobic speed\/power reserve and sport performance: scientific basis, current applications and future directions. Sports Med. 2021;51(10):2017\u201328.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.12.012","volume":"28","author":"M Thron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thron M, Ruf L, Buchheit M, H\u00e4rtel S, Woll A, Altmann S. Anaerobic speed reserve and acute responses to a short-format high-intensity interval session in runners. J Sci Med Sport. 2025;28(5):408\u201317.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01217.2001","volume":"93","author":"M Burnley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burnley M, Doust JH, Ball D, Jones AM. Effects of prior heavy exercise onV\u02d9 o 2 kinetics during heavy exercise are related to changes in muscle activity. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(1):167\u201374.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR107","first-page":"42","volume":"25","author":"LZ Chiu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chiu LZ, Barnes JL. The fitness-fatigue model revisited: implications for planning short-and long-term training. Strength Cond J. 2003;25(6):42\u201351.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.12.003","volume":"16","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Racinais S, Bilsborough J, Bourdon P, Voss S, Hocking J, et al. Monitoring fitness, fatigue and running performance during a pre-season training camp in elite football players. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(6):550\u20135.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181aa36a2","volume":"24","author":"P-l Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong P-l, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Dellal A, Wisloff U. Effect of preseason concurrent muscular strength and high-intensity interval training in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(3):653\u201360.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2456_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004103","volume":"36","author":"J Collison","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collison J, Debenedictis T, Fuller JT, Gerschwitz R, Ling T, Gotch L, et al. Supramaximal interval running prescription in Australian Rules Football players: a comparison between maximal aerobic speed, anaerobic speed reserve, and the 30\u201315 intermittent fitness test. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(12):3409\u201314.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0379","volume":"19","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang C, Ye M. Individualizing basketball-specific interval training using anaerobic speed reserve: effects on physiological and hormonal adaptations. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024;19(4):365\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"5","key":"2456_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","volume":"14","author":"GA Borg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377\u201381.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198708000-00006","volume":"19","author":"JJ Demello","year":"1987","unstructured":"Demello JJ, Cureton KJ, Boineau RE, Singh MM. Ratings of perceived exertion at the lactate threshold in trained and untrained men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(4):354\u201362.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.82.2.419","volume":"82","author":"AK Travlos","year":"1996","unstructured":"Travlos AK, Marisi DQ. Perceived exertion during physical exercise among individuals high and low in fitness. Percept Mot Skills. 1996;82(2):419\u201324.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000113473.48220.20","volume":"36","author":"K Koppo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koppo K, Bouckaert J, Jones AM. Effects of training status and exercise intensity on phase II VO2 kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(2):225\u201332.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2456_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821fcfc1","volume":"43","author":"AM Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones AM, Grassi B, Christensen PM, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J, Poole DC. Slow component of VO2 kinetics: mechanistic bases and practical applications. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(11):2046\u201362.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000047","volume":"1","author":"KJ Hetlelid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hetlelid KJ, Plews DJ, Herold E, Laursen PB, Seiler S. Rethinking the role of fat oxidation: substrate utilisation during high-intensity interval training in well-trained and recreationally trained runners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2015;1(1):e000047.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01081.2012","volume":"114","author":"RA Jacobs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jacobs RA, Lundby C. Mitochondria express enhanced quality as well as quantity in association with aerobic fitness across recreationally active individuals up to elite athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(3):344\u201350.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2456_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029060-00001","volume":"29","author":"AM Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med. 2000;29:373\u201386.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2456_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2021.1939844","volume":"94","author":"JW Alves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alves JW, Farias-Junior LF, Alves CPDL, Mortatti AL, Costa EC. Low-volume high-intensity interval training sessions with different work\u2013recovery durations and muscle damage in trained men. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2023;94(1):73\u201381.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"04","key":"2456_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965357","volume":"29","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen P, Millet G, Pactat F, Ahmaidi S. Predicting intermittent running performance: critical velocity versus endurance index. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(04):307\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2456_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2474333","volume":"43","author":"M Chambion-Diaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chambion-Diaz M, Chertin J, Pialoux V, Billaut F. Combined effects of weight reduction and hypoxia on physiological and perceptual responses to high-intensity exercise in endurance athletes. J Sports Sci. 2025;43(8):729\u201337.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000776","volume":"29","author":"JF Da Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Da Silva JF, Nakamura FY, Carminatti LJ, Dittrich N, Cetolin T, Guglielmo LGA. The effect of two generic aerobic interval training methods on laboratory and field test performance in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(6):1666\u201372.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2456_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31824294c4","volume":"26","author":"A Dellal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dellal A, Varliette C, Owen A, Chirico EN, Pialoux V. Small-sided games versus interval training in amateur soccer players: effects on the aerobic capacity and the ability to perform intermittent exercises with changes of direction. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(10):2712\u201320.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2456_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004310","volume":"36","author":"D Seipp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seipp D, Feuerbacher JF, Jacobs MW, Dragutinovic B, Schumann M. Acute effects of high-intensity interval running on lower-body and upper-body explosive strength and throwing velocity in handball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(11):3167\u201372.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2018.01.008","volume":"33","author":"O Selmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selmi O, Ben khalifaZouaoui WM, Azaiez F, Bouassida A. High intensity interval training negatively affects mood state in professional athletes. Sci Sports. 2018;33(4):e151\u20137.","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2456_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07292-9","volume":"58","author":"O Selmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selmi O, Haddad M, Majed L, Ben Khalifa W, Hamza M, Chamari K. Soccer training: high-intensity interval training is mood disturbing while small sided games ensure mood balance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(7\u20138):1163\u201370.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"2456_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S244512","volume":"11","author":"O Selmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selmi O, Ouergui I, Levitt DE, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Bouassida A. Small-sided games are more enjoyable than high-intensity interval training of similar exercise intensity in soccer. Open Access J Sports Med. 2020;11:77\u201384.","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02456-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02456-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02456-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:02:52Z","timestamp":1790348572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02456-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02456-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Fraser Thurlow, Nicholas Cowley, Katie Slattery and Jonathon Weakley have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data and material reported in this review are from peer-reviewed publications. All extracted data are available in Tables S6 and S7 of the ESM.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"FT, NC and JW conceptualised the review and criteria, and completed the screening, data extraction and data analysis of all data within this article. FT and NC created the tables and figures. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed, refined and approved the final manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}