{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T04:38:56Z","timestamp":1792903136281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Catholic University Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The menstrual cycle can influence a range of physiological and psychological processes that may affect physical performance. However, existing evidence is inconsistent and often based on isolated testing timepoints rather than typical training conditions. Monitoring kinematic outputs during resistance training allows quantification of day-to-day performance changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated whether kinematic outputs during resistance training vary across menstrual cycle phases over two mesocycles and explored associations with symptoms, and perceived motivation and readiness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted at Australian Catholic University (Brisbane, Australia) between February 2023 and June 2025 and was registered with the trial number ACTRN12626000365369. Twenty-eight resistance\u00a0trained females (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD; age: 27.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u00a0years) completed two mesocycles of supervised resistance training. Across the intervention, menstrual cycles were monitored using calendar-based counting, urinary ovulation tests, and retrospective serum 17\u03b2-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Three-repetition maximum (3RM) and load\u2013velocity profiles (LVPs) for the bench press and trap bar deadlift were assessed at baseline, mid training (~4\u00a0weeks), and post training (~8\u00a0weeks). During each training session, kinematic outputs were recorded for all repetitions, with the fastest repetition from each set used to assess training performance across menstrual cycle phases and the observed velocity compared to the expected velocity from the LVP. Symptoms, perceived motivation, and readiness were reported at the start of each resistance\u00a0training session.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant differences in observed versus expected average\u00a0peak mean velocity were found in the bench press during phases 1 and 5, and in the deadlift during phases 1 and 6. For both exercises, observed versus expected average peak\u00a0mean velocity differed by\u2009~\u20090.01\u20130.02\u00a0m\u00b7s\u207b\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      across menstrual cycle phases. After multivariate modeling, motivation to train was a strong predictor of training performance (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0004,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021), whereas readiness to perform was not. The symptom domain pain was positively associated with bench press performance (0.00065\u00a0m\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      per unit change;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018), whereas pain was negatively associated with deadlift performance (\u2212\u20090.001 per unit change;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Additionally, no significant main effect was found for the symptom domain control, but a between-exercise difference was found (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.03). No other symptom domains showed significant relationships with training performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Menstrual cycle phase appears to have minimal effect on resistance\u00a0training performance, with kinematic outputs demonstrating modest differences compared to what would be expected. Consequently, these findings support consistent resistance training across the menstrual cycle, without the need for phase-based adjustments to maintain performance. However, motivation and symptom profiles may influence resistance training across the menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02459-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T18:27:01Z","timestamp":1779560821000},"page":"2325-2339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase, Symptoms, Motivation, and Readiness to Perform on Resistance\u00a0Training Performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shona L.","family":"Halson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Jukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amador","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Cowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon","family":"Weakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00346.2023","author":"AC D\u2019Souza","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza AC, Wageh M, Williams JS, Colenso-Semple LM, McCarthy DG, McKay AK, et al. 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Shona L. Halson is an Editorial Board member of\n                      Sports Medicine\n                      . Shona L. Halson was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was granted by the Australian Catholic University\u2019s Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics number: 2022-2639H).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the lead author, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data due to lead author\u2019s human research ethics counsel and thus are not publicly available. The data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of the lead author.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Prior to the study, all participants received detailed information of the experimental procedures and provided written informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"GM, JW, and SH contributed to the conception and design of the study. GM and NC were responsible for data acquisition. GM and FF conducted the hormone analyses. MH, AGR, and IJ performed the data analysis and contributed to the interpretation of the data. GM, SH, and JW led the drafting of the manuscript and managed the submission process. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}