{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:51:36Z","timestamp":1792086696221,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02468-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:12:10Z","timestamp":1789031530000},"page":"2695-2715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the Linear versus Non-Linear Repeated Sprint Training on Lower Limb Sports Performance Tasks in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-7550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyyed Hadi","family":"Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2695-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexei","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4846-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Javad","family":"Mirghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5643-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naghme","family":"Asadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med. 2013;43(5):313\u201338.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01552-4","volume":"52","author":"B Nicholson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, Till K. The training of medium- to long-distance sprint performance in football code athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52(2):257\u201386.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2468_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939070-00003","volume":"39","author":"G Ziv","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ziv G, Lidor R. Physical attributes, physiological characteristics, on-court performances and nutritional strategies of female and male basketball players. Sports Med. 2009;39:547\u201368.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2468_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.658079","volume":"30","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Haydar B, Ahmaidi S. Repeated sprints with directional changes: do angles matter? J Sports Sci. 2012;30(6):555\u201362.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"2468_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312616","volume":"18","author":"J Arede","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arede J, Poureghbali S, Freitas T, Fernandes J, Sch\u00f6llhorn WI, Leite N. The effect of differential repeated sprint training on physical performance in female basketball players: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(23):12616.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2468_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2165\/11590560-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"D Bishop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. Repeated-sprint ability\u2014Part II: recommendations for training. Sports Med. 2011;41:741\u201356.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171462","volume":"12","author":"FM Iaia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iaia FM, Fiorenza M, Larghi L, Alberti G, Millet GP, Girard O. Short-or long-rest intervals during repeated-sprint training in soccer? PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0171462.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01959-1","volume":"54","author":"F Thurlow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thurlow F, Huynh M, Townshend A, McLaren SJ, James LP, Taylor JM, et al. The effects of repeated-sprint training on physical fitness and physiological adaptation in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2024;54(4):953\u201374.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2468_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.594567","volume":"2","author":"HN Falch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Falch HN, R\u00e6derg\u00e5rd HG, van den Tillaar R. Effect of approach distance and change of direction angles upon step and joint kinematics, peak muscle activation, and change of direction performance. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:594567.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"06","key":"2468_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249620","volume":"31","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Bishop D, Haydar B, Nakamura FY, Ahmaidi S. Physiological responses to shuttle repeated-sprint running. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(06):402\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2468_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2019-0040","volume":"70","author":"M Beato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beato M, Coratella G, Bianchi M, Costa E, Merlini M. Short-term repeated-sprint training (straight sprint vs. changes of direction) in soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2019;70:183.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149839","volume":"11","author":"K Hader","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hader K, Mendez-Villanueva A, Palazzi D, Ahmaidi S, Buchheit M. Metabolic power requirement of change of direction speed in young soccer players: not all is what it seems. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0149839.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.134761","volume":"41","author":"M Stankovi\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stankovi\u0107 M, Trajkovi\u0107 N, Ma\u010dak D, \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 D, Lazi\u0107 A, Milanovi\u0107 Z. Effects of linear and change of direction high-intensity interval training on physical performance of elite female soccer players. Biol Sport. 2024;41(4):31\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"8","key":"2468_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0608","volume":"11","author":"JM Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor JM, Macpherson TW, McLaren SJ, Spears I, Weston M. Two weeks of repeated-sprint training in soccer: to turn or not to turn? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(8):998\u20131004.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.22.13521-8","volume":"63","author":"Y Negra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Negra Y, Sammoud S, Ramirez-Campillo R, Bouguezzi R, Moran J, Chaabene H. The effects of repeated sprint training with vs. without change of direction on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;63(1):8\u201315.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003369","volume":"36","author":"M Beato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beato M, Bianchi M, Coratella G, Merlini M, Drust B. A single session of straight line and change-of-direction sprinting per week does not lead to different fitness improvements in elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(2):518\u201324.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2468_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavillon T, Tourny C, Aabderrahman AB, Salhi I, Zouita S, Rouissi M, et al. Sprint and jump performances in highly trained young soccer players of different chronological age: Effects of linear VS. CHANGE\u2013OF\u2013DIRECTION sprint training. J Exer Sci Fit 2021;19(2):81\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2020.10.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1743993","volume":"29","author":"M Beato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beato M, Drust B. Acceleration intensity is an important contributor to the external and internal training load demands of repeated sprint exercises in soccer players. Res Sports Med. 2021;29(1):67\u201376.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"2468_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shalfawi SAI, Young M, T\u00f8nnessen E, Haugen TA, Enoksen E. the effect of repeated agility training vs. repeated sprint training on elite female soccer players'physical performance. Kinesiologia Slovenica. 2013;19(3).","DOI":"10.52165\/kinsi.19.3.29-42"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211072225","volume":"18","author":"H Marzouki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marzouki H, Ouergui I, Cherni B, Ben Ayed K, Bouhlel E. Effects of different sprint training programs with ball on explosive, high-intensity and endurance-intensive performances in male young soccer players. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2023;18(1):123\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"2468_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","volume":"134","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;134:103\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR22","first-page":"10","volume":"11","author":"A Dom\u010dekov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dom\u010dekov\u00e1 A, \u0160imonek J, Baka\u013e\u00e1r I, Kan\u00e1sov\u00e1 J, Kr\u010dm\u00e1rov\u00e1 B, Kr\u010dm\u00e1r M. Can running speed and aerobic endurance be affected after 4 weeks of in-season running-based HIIT of different modes. Int J Hum Mov Sports Sci. 2023;11(1):10\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Mov Sports Sci"},{"key":"2468_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","volume":"14","author":"X Wan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2468_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7080189","volume":"7","author":"EH Sagelv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sagelv EH, Seln\u00e6s I, Pedersen S, Pettersen SA, Randers MB, Welde B. Effects of linear versus changes of direction repeated sprints on intermittent high intensity running performance in high-level junior football players over an entire season: a randomized trial. Sports. 2019;7(8):189.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x","volume":"18","author":"S Armijo\u2010Olivo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armijo\u2010Olivo S, Stiles CR, Hagen NA, Biondo PD, Cummings GG. Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research. J Eval Clin Pract. 2012;18(1):12\u20138.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"2468_CR26","unstructured":"Verhagen AP. Quality assessment of randomised clinical trials. 1999."},{"key":"2468_CR27","volume-title":"The GRADE handbook","author":"H Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H, Bro\u017cek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. The GRADE handbook. London, UK: Cochrane Collaboration; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106291059","volume":"11","author":"SB Morris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morris SB. Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs. Organ Res Methods. 2008;11(2):364\u201386.","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"2468_CR29","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"K Muller","year":"1989","unstructured":"Muller K. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Taylor & Francis; 1989."},{"issue":"7414","key":"2468_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR31","first-page":"2394","volume":"2","author":"R Izzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Izzo R, Lo Castro L. The study of acceleration and deceleration capacity decrease in repeated sprints in soccer. International Journal of Physical Education, Sport and Health. 2015;2(2):2394\u20131685.","journal-title":"International Journal of Physical Education, Sport and Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2468_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131060-00002","volume":"31","author":"A Ross","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ross A, Leveritt M, Riek S. Neural influences on sprint running: training adaptations and acute responses. Sports Med. 2001;31(6):409\u201325.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040657","volume":"15","author":"C-H Hung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hung C-H, Su C-H, Wang D. The role of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in neuromuscular adaptations: implications for strength and power development\u2014a review. Life Basel. 2025;15(4):657.","journal-title":"Life Basel"},{"issue":"5","key":"2468_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216806","volume":"14","author":"I Loturco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loturco I, Pereira AL, Freitas TT, Alcaraz EP, Zanetti V, Bishop C, et al. Maximum acceleration performance of professional soccer players in linear sprints: is there a direct connection with change-of-direction ability? PLoS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0216806.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"2468_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182023a65","volume":"25","author":"E T\u00f8nnessen","year":"2011","unstructured":"T\u00f8nnessen E, Shalfawi SA, Haugen T, Enoksen E. The effect of 40-m repeated sprint training on maximum sprinting speed, repeated sprint speed endurance, vertical jump, and aerobic capacity in young elite male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(9):2364\u201370.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2468_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1512268","volume":"16","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang W, Cui Z, Shen D, Gao L, Li Q. Testosterone levels positively linked to muscle mass but not strength in adult males aged 20\u201359 years: a cross-sectional study. Front Physiol. 2025;16:1512268.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00703-x","volume":"10","author":"DJ Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green DJ, Chasland LC, Yeap BB, Naylor LH. Comparing the impacts of testosterone and exercise on lean body mass, strength and aerobic fitness in aging men. Sports Med - Open. 2024;10(1):30.","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"2468_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1687-0","volume":"111","author":"FR Serpiello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Serpiello FR, McKenna MJ, Stepto NK, Bishop DJ, Aughey RJ. Performance and physiological responses to repeated-sprint exercise: a novel multiple-set approach. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:669\u201378.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12020051","volume":"12","author":"D Su\u00e1rez-Iglesias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Iglesias D, Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Vaquera A, Villa-Vicente JG, Rodr\u00edguez-Marroyo JA. Comparative effects of two high-intensity intermittent training programs on sub-elite male basketball referees\u2019 fitness levels. Sports Basel. 2024;12(2):51.","journal-title":"Sports Basel"},{"issue":"10","key":"2468_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01693-0","volume":"52","author":"DJ Harper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harper DJ, McBurnie AJ, Santos TD, Eriksrud O, Evans M, Cohen DD, et al. Biomechanical and neuromuscular performance requirements of horizontal deceleration: a review with implications for random intermittent multi-directional sports. Sports Med. 2022;52(10):2321\u201354.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2468_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2165\/11590560-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"D Bishop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. Repeated-sprint ability\u2014part II: recommendations for training. Sports Med. 2011;41(9):741\u201356.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2468_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19416","volume":"13","author":"R Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong R, Cao L, Li D. The chronic effects of change of direction during repeated-sprint training on jumping, sprinting, and change-of-direction abilities in players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19416.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"2468_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2165\/11592190-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"BE Tlougan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tlougan BE, Mancini AJ, Mandell JA, Cohen DE, Sanchez MR. Skin conditions in figure skaters, ice-hockey players and speed skaters: part II\u2014cold-induced, infectious and inflammatory dermatoses. Sports Med. 2011;41(11):967\u201384.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0068-6","volume":"96","author":"J Edge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman C. The effects of training intensity on muscle buffer capacity in females. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(1):97\u2013105.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2468_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1492023","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Zhang L, Sun M. The impact of eccentric training on athlete movement speed: a systematic review. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1492023.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.105","volume":"7","author":"SB Morris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morris SB, DeShon RP. Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychol Methods. 2002;7(1):105.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cesm.12047","volume":"2","author":"D Gallardo\u2010G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gallardo\u2010G\u00f3mez D, Richardson R, Dwan K. Standardized mean differences in meta\u2010analysis: a tutorial. Cochrane Evid Synth Methods. 2024;2(3):e12047.","journal-title":"Cochrane Evid Synth Methods"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02468-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02468-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02468-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:34:46Z","timestamp":1792085686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02468-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02468-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data analyzed in this study were obtained from previously published articles and are reported within this article.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"NA and SHA were primarily responsible for conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, visualization, and drafting the original manuscript. SJM and AW contributed to conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, supervision, and project administration. AW and PC also contributed to data analysis and critical revision of the manuscript. Writing \u2013 review and editing were carried out by SHA, SJM, and AW. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}