{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:31:39Z","timestamp":1786354299939,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001777","name":"The University of Wollongong","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001777","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supporting performance under pressure is important to many roles in the sporting sector, including Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) Accredited Sport Scientists and Accredited High\u00a0Performance Managers. This position statement on behalf of ESSA aims to support practitioners whose responsibilities include facilitating athletes\u2019 performance under pressure. To achieve this aim, we synthesised relevant systematic reviews, and theoretical and empirical publications, regarding supporting performance under pressure in sport. Specifically, we focused on translating the scientific literature regarding the different sources of pressure athletes may experience, how athletes may respond to this pressure, the different strategies that may be used to support performance under pressure and considerations for how performance under pressure may be evaluated. This position statement highlights that pressure can have both facilitative and debilitative effects on athlete performance. Training environments offering implicit learning opportunities and effective utilisation of pressure training can prepare athletes for performing well under pressure. A range of evidence-based psychological strategies can be utilised when performing under pressure, including: (1) pre-performance routines, (2) implicit attentional strategies, (3) psychological skills training and (4) mindfulness-based approaches. Suggestions are provided for how to appropriately select and implement different strategies depending on sport type or context. Drawing on a systems-led approach, performance teams can collectively work together to support athlete performance under pressure in an integrated manner. This position statement concludes with eight overarching recommendations to support performance under pressure. These recommendations are contextually specific to key stakeholder groups, such as the organisation, performance team members and sports researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02472-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T19:04:03Z","timestamp":1781118243000},"page":"1851-1867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance Under Pressure in Sport: A Position Statement from Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7752-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Schweickle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee N.","family":"Appaneal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Jackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare L.","family":"Minahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gene M.","family":"Moyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1240-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0537-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stewart A.","family":"Vella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Swann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2472_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2010.491780","author":"C Mesagno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mesagno C, Mullane-Grant T. A comparison of different pre-performance routines as possible choking interventions. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2010.491780.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2023.2215715","author":"CRD Wagstaff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagstaff CRD, Quartiroli A. A systems-led approach to developing psychologically informed environments. J Sport Psychol Action. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2023.2215715.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2020.1771747","volume":"14","author":"MJ Schweickle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schweickle MJ, Swann C, Jackman PC, Vella SA. Clutch performance in sport and exercise: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2021;14(1):102\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2020.1771747.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2024.2414442","author":"JR Hufton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hufton JR, Vella SA, Goddard SG, Schweickle MJ. How do athletes perform well under pressure? A meta-study. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2024.2414442.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000202","author":"WR Low","year":"2021","unstructured":"Low WR, Sandercock G, Freeman P, Winter ME, Butt J, Maynard I. Pressure training for performance domains: a meta-analysis. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000202.","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Perform Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2017.1408134","author":"P Gr\u00f6pel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6pel P, Mesagno C. Choking interventions in sports: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2017.1408134.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000286","author":"DA Cabral","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cabral DA, Wilson AE, Miller MW. The effect of implicit learning on motor performance under psychological pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000286.","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Perform Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2021.1944271","author":"AGO Rupprecht","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rupprecht AGO, Tran US, Gr\u00f6pel P. The effectiveness of pre-performance routines in sports: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2021.1944271.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2472_CR9","first-page":"40","volume":"17","author":"S Kent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kent S, Devonport TJ, Lane AM, Nicholls W, Friesen AP. The effects of coping interventions on ability to perform under pressure. J Sports Sci Med. 2018;17(1):40\u201355.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"2472_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2025.2578781","author":"E Bouthiller","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bouthiller E, Lautenbach F. Implementing pressure on athletes during training: a scoping review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2025.2578781.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2022.2127327","author":"R Sullivan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sullivan R, Uiga L, Masters RSW, Anson G, Nieuwenhuys A. Conscious motor processing and the pressure-performance relationship: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2022.2127327.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2023.2168725","author":"S Lange-Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lange-Smith S, Cabot J, Coffee P, Gunnell K, Tod D. The efficacy of psychological skills training for enhancing performance in sport: a review of reviews. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197x.2023.2168725.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2022.2116723","author":"O Williamson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williamson O, Swann C, Bennett KJM, Bird MD, Goddard SG, Schweickle MJ, et al. The performance and psychological effects of goal setting in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2022.2116723.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2016.05.003","author":"M Pelka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pelka M, Heidari J, Ferrauti A, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M. Relaxation techniques in sports: a systematic review on acute effects on performance. Perform Enhanc Health. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peh.2016.05.003.","journal-title":"Perform Enhanc Health"},{"key":"2472_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2022.2145573","author":"S Laborde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laborde S, Zammit N, Iskra M, Mosley E, Borges U, Allen MS, et al. The influence of breathing techniques on physical sport performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2022.2145573.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0356-1","author":"D Tod","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tod D, Edwards C, McGuigan M, Lovell G. A systematic review of the effect of cognitive strategies on strength performance. Sports Med. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0356-1.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2472_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2023.2180070","author":"M Pt\u00e1\u010dek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pt\u00e1\u010dek M, Lugo RG, Steptoe K, S\u00fctterlin S. Effectiveness of the mindfulness\u2013acceptance\u2013commitment approach: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197x.2023.2180070.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0752-9","author":"L B\u00fchlmayer","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fchlmayer L, Birrer D, R\u00f6thlin P, Faude O, Donath L. Effects of mindfulness practice on performance-relevant parameters and performance outcomes in sports: a meta-analytical review. Sports Med. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0752-9.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2472_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2017.1387803","author":"M Noetel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noetel M, Ciarrochi J, Van Zanden B, Lonsdale C. Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2017.1387803.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2013.12.004","author":"M Lochbaum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lochbaum M, Gottardy J. A meta-analytic review of the approach-avoidance achievement goals and performance relationships in the sport psychology literature. J Sport Health Sci. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2013.12.004.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2020.1780627","author":"BA Simonsmeier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simonsmeier BA, Andronie M, Buecker S, Frank C. The effects of imagery interventions in sports: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2020.1780627.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611413136","author":"A Hatzigeorgiadis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatzigeorgiadis A, Zourbanos N, Galanis E, Theodorakis Y. Self-talk and sports performance. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691611413136.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.05.015","author":"C Mesagno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mesagno C, Beckmann J. Choking under pressure: Theoretical models and interventions. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.05.015.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR24","first-page":"330","volume-title":"An introduction to applied cognitive psychology","author":"MW Eysenck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eysenck MW, Wilson MR. Sporting performance, pressure and cognition: introducing attentional control theory: sport. In: An introduction to applied cognitive psychology. Psychology Press; 2016. p. 330\u201351."},{"key":"2472_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","author":"MW Eysenck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eysenck MW, Derakshan N, Santos R, Calvo MG. Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2472_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840802287218","author":"R Masters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Masters R, Maxwell J. The theory of reinvestment. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17509840802287218.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102592","author":"J Henderson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Henderson J, Kavussanu M, Cooke A, Ring C. Some pressures are more equal than others: effects of isolated pressure on performance. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102592.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2025.2535995","author":"JR Hufton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hufton JR, Vella SA, Schweickle MJ. Rising to the occasion: a qualitative investigation of clutch moments in sport. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2025.2535995.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2021.1989521","author":"M Hut","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hut M, Minkler TO, Glass CR, Weppner CH, Thomas HM, Flannery CB. A randomized controlled study of mindful sport performance enhancement and psychological skills training with collegiate track and field athletes. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2021.1989521.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2022.2134436","author":"J Kegelaers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kegelaers J, Oudejans RRD. Pressure makes diamonds? A narrative review on the application of pressure training in high-performance sports. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197x.2022.2134436.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2022.2164098","author":"WR Low","year":"2023","unstructured":"Low WR, Stoker M, Butt J, Maynard I. Pressure training: from research to applied practice. J Sport Psychol Action. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2022.2164098.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429435232","volume-title":"Mindfulness and acceptance in sport: how to help athletes perform and thrive under pressure","author":"K Henriksen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henriksen K, Hansen J, Larsen CH. Mindfulness and acceptance in sport: how to help athletes perform and thrive under pressure. Routledge; 2019."},{"key":"2472_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.46.3.610","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1984","unstructured":"Baumeister RF. Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.46.3.610.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420160405","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baumeister RF, Showers CJ. A review of paradoxical performance effects: choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. Eur J Soc Psychol. 1986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2420160405.","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.10.007","author":"DF Gucciardi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gucciardi DF, Dimmock JA. Choking under pressure in sensorimotor skills: conscious processing or depleted attentional resources? Psychol Sport Exerc. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.10.007.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7352\/IJSP2013.44.387","author":"R Gray","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gray R, Allsop J, Williams SE. Changes in putting kinematics associated with choking and excelling under pressure. Int J Sport Psychol. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7352\/IJSP2013.44.387.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0838-z","author":"R Gray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gray R, Ca\u00f1al-Bruland R. Attentional focus, perceived target size, and movement kinematics under performance pressure. Psychon Bull Rev. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-015-0838-z.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2472_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.09.001","author":"DM Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill DM, Carvell S, Matthews N, Weston NJ, Thelwell RR. Exploring choking experiences in elite sport: the role of self-presentation. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.09.001.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2011.12.004","author":"K Geukes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geukes K, Mesagno C, Hanrahan SJ, Kellmann M. Testing an interactionist perspective on the relationship between personality traits and performance under public pressure. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2011.12.004.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2017.1298166","author":"M Stoker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stoker M, Maynard I, Butt J, Hays K, Lindsay P, Norenberg DA. The effect of manipulating training demands and consequences on experiences of pressure in elite netball. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2017.1298166.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.31.5.583","author":"M Otten","year":"2009","unstructured":"Otten M. Choking vs. clutch performance: a study of sport performance under pressure. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.31.5.583.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2014.981573","author":"DM Hill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hill DM, Hemmings B. A phenomenological exploration of coping responses associated with choking in sport. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2014.981573.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"key":"2472_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.07.008","author":"DM Hill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill DM, Shaw G. A qualitative examination of choking under pressure in team sport. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.07.008.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2020.1737273","author":"C Mesagno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mesagno C, Tibbert SJ, Buchanan E, Harvey JT, Turner MJ. Irrational beliefs and choking under pressure: a preliminary investigation. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2020.1737273.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2019.1643459","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris DJ, Vine SJ, Eysenck MW, Wilson MR. To err again is human: exploring a bidirectional relationship between pressure and performance failure feedback. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2019.1643459.","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"2472_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2021.1998805","author":"MJ Schweickle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schweickle MJ, Swann C, Vella SA. Objective and subjective performance indicators of clutch performance in basketball: a mixed-methods multiple case study. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2021.1998805.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101987","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris DJ, Vine SJ, Eysenck MW, Wilson MR. Psychological pressure and compounded errors during elite-level tennis. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101987.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101889","author":"MJ Schweickle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schweickle MJ, Vella SA, Swann C. Exploring the \u201cclutch\u201d in clutch performance: a qualitative investigation of the experience of pressure in successful performance. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101889.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2016.1272650","author":"C Swann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swann C, Crust L, Jackman P, Vella SA, Allen MS, Keegan R. Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: toward an integrated model of flow and clutch states. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2016.1272650.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102100","author":"JG Dunn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dunn JG, Gotwals JK, Dunn JC, Lizmore MR. Perceived parental pressure and perceived coach pressure in adolescent and adult sport. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102100.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2017.1407836","author":"R Arnold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold R, Collington S, Manley H, Rees S, Soanes J, Williams M. \u201cThe team behind the team\u201d: exploring the organizational stressor experiences of sport science and management staff in elite sport. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2017.1407836.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.639384","author":"P Olusoga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olusoga P, Maynard I, Hays K, Butt J. Coaching under pressure: a study of Olympic coaches. J Sports Sci. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2011.639384.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1154979","author":"RC Thelwell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thelwell RC, Wagstaff CRD, Rayner A, Chapman M, Barker J. Exploring athletes\u2019 perceptions of coach stress in elite sport environments. J Sports Sci. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2016.1154979.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.8.4.661","author":"AL Iachini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iachini AL. Development and empirical examination of a model of factors influencing coaches provision of autonomy-support. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/1747-9541.8.4.661.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"2472_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.02.007","author":"SH Cheon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheon SH, Reeve J, Lee J, Lee Y. Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high-stakes sport context: a field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic Games. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.02.007.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2024.2411215","author":"P Stewart","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stewart P, Fletcher D, Arnold R, McEwan D. Performance support team effectiveness in elite sport: a narrative review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2024.2411215.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR57","volume-title":"Literature reviews in sport psychology","author":"D Fletcher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fletcher D, Hanton S, Mellalieu SD. An organizational stress review: conceptual and theoretical issues in competitive sport. In: Hanton S, Mellalieu SD, editors. Literature reviews in sport psychology. Nova Science Publishers; 2006."},{"key":"2472_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102078","author":"E McLoughlin","year":"2022","unstructured":"McLoughlin E, Arnold R, Fletcher D, Spahr CM, Slavich GM, Moore LJ. Assessing lifetime stressor exposure in sport performers: associations with trait stress appraisals, health, well-being, and performance. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102078.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.1975305","author":"RAC Simpson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simpson RAC, Didymus FF, Williams TL. Organizational stress and well-being in competitive sport: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2021.1975305.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2382561","author":"R Arnold","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arnold R, Brown DJ, McLoughlin E. An examination of the relationship between sport performers\u2019 organizational stressor dimensions, physical health, and well-being. J Sports Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2024.2382561.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429295874-3","volume-title":"Stress, well-being, and performance in sport","author":"R Arnold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnold R, Fletcher D. Stressors, hassles, and adversity. In: Stress, well-being, and performance in sport. Routledge; 2021. p. 31\u201362."},{"key":"2472_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355","author":"SS Dickerson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2472_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429295874-4","volume-title":"Stress, well-being, and performance in sport","author":"FF Didymus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Didymus FF, Jones MV. Cognitive appraisals. In: Stress, well-being, and performance in sport. Routledge; 2021. p. 63\u201377."},{"key":"2472_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.992","author":"S Folkman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Dunkel-Schetter C, DeLongis A, Gruen RJ. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.992.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.17.4.379","author":"RE Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smith RE, Schutz RW, Smoll FL, Ptacek JT. Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.17.4.379.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.08.010","author":"R Arnold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arnold R, Edwards T, Rees T. Organizational stressors, social support, and implications for subjective performance in high-level sport. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.08.010.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2008.08.001","author":"WNK Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng WNK, Hardy L, Markland D. Toward a three-dimensional conceptualization of performance anxiety: rationale and initial measurement development. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2008.08.001.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00126","author":"C Meijen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meijen C, Turner M, Jones MV, Sheffield D, McCarthy P. A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes: a revised conceptualization. Front Psychol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00126.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x","author":"G Jones","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jones G. More than just a game: research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. Br J Psychol. 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x.","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.25.4.519","author":"RH Cox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cox RH, Martens MP, Russell WD. Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.25.4.519.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12034","author":"L Hardy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hardy L, Bell J, Beattie S. A neuropsychological model of mentally tough behavior. J Pers. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12034.","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"2472_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2019-0204","author":"S Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang S, Roberts R, Woodman T, Cooke A. I am great, but only when I also want to dominate: maladaptive narcissism moderates the relationship between adaptive narcissism and performance under pressure. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.2019-0204.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2017.1290815","author":"R Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts R, Woodman T, Sedikides C. Pass me the ball: narcissism in performance settings. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2017.1290815.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.28.1.49","author":"RC Jackson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jackson RC, Ashford KJ, Norsworthy G. Attentional focus, dispositional reinvestment, and skilled motor performance under pressure. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.28.1.49.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100620","author":"SM Rice","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rice SM, Gwyther K, Santesteban-Echarri O, Baron D, Gorczynski P, Gouttebarge V, et al. Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100620.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2472_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.19.1.82","author":"E Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell E, Jones G. Sources of stress experienced by elite male wheelchair basketball players. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/apaq.19.1.82.","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Act Q"},{"key":"2472_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/APAQ.2014-0168","author":"H Macdougall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macdougall H, O\u2019Halloran P, Shields N, Sherry E. Comparing the well-being of para and Olympic sport athletes: a systematic review. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/APAQ.2014-0168.","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Act Q"},{"key":"2472_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.6.613","author":"CM Steele","year":"1997","unstructured":"Steele CM. A threat in the air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. Am Psychol. 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.52.6.613.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.26.4.597","author":"SL Beilock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beilock SL, McConnell AR. Stereotype threat and sport: can athletic performance be threatened? J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.26.4.597.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2017-0134","author":"DM Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith DM, Martiny SE. Stereotype threat in sport: recommendations for applied practice and research. Sport Psychol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.2017-0134.","journal-title":"Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR81","first-page":"267","volume":"44","author":"C Mesagno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mesagno C, Hill DM. Definition of choking in sport: reconceptualization and debate. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013;44:267\u201377.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102238","author":"MJ Schweickle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schweickle MJ, Vella SA, Swann C. Was it a clutch performance? A qualitative exploration of the definitional boundaries of clutch performance. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102238.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.4.701","author":"SL Beilock","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beilock SL, Carr TH. On the fragility of skilled performance: what governs choking under pressure? J Exp Psychol Gen. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.130.4.701.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"2472_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136917","author":"EC Kal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kal EC, Van Der Kamp J, Houdijk H, Groet E, Van Bennekom CAM, Scherder EJA. Stay focused! The effects of internal and external focus of attention on movement automaticity in patients with stroke. PLoS\u00a0One. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0136917.","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"2472_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410152006081","author":"CM Liao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liao CM, Masters RSW. Analogy learning: a means to implicit motor learning. J Sports Sci. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410152006081.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1137344","author":"L Verburgh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verburgh L, Scherder EJA, van Lange PAM, Oosterlaan J. The key to success in elite athletes? Explicit and implicit motor learning in youth elite and non-elite soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2015.1137344.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2472_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.33.1.146","author":"RA Pinder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pinder RA, Davids K, Renshaw I, Ara\u00fajo D. Representative learning design and functionality of research and practice in sport. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.33.1.146.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06734-1.00014-6","volume-title":"Performance psychology: a practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"JN Vickers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vickers JN. Skill acquisition: designing optimal learning environments. In: Collins D, Button A, Robinson H, editors. Performance psychology: a practitioner\u2019s guide. Elsevier Limited; 2011. p. 191\u2013206."},{"key":"2472_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.08.006","author":"J Headrick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Headrick J, Renshaw I, Davids K, Pinder RA, Ara\u00fajo D. The dynamics of expertise acquisition in sport: the role of affective learning design. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.08.006.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2016.1255496","author":"D Fletcher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fletcher D, Sarkar M. Mental fortitude training: an evidence-based approach to developing psychological resilience for sustained success. J Sport Psychol Action. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2016.1255496.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7352\/IJSP.2020.51.221","author":"J Kegelaers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kegelaers J, Wylleman P, Blijlevens S, Boonstoppel A, Hendriks M. Coaches\u2019 perspective on team resilience during major international competition. Int J Sport Psychol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7352\/IJSP.2020.51.221.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2019.1706664","author":"FECA van Rens","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Rens FECA, Burgin M, Morris-binelli K. Implementing a pressure inurement training program to optimize cognitive appraisal, emotion regulation, and sport self-confidence in a women\u2019s state cricket team. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2019.1706664.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429295874-17","volume-title":"Stress, well-being, and performance in sport","author":"D Fletcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fletcher D, Arnold R. Stress and pressure training. In: Stress, well-being, and performance in sport. Routledge; 2021. p. 261\u201396."},{"key":"2472_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429503702-4","volume-title":"Applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology","author":"M Eubank","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eubank M, Morris R, Cunliffe M. Cognitive therapy approaches. In: Tod D, Eubank M, editors. Applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology. Routledge; 2020. p. 53\u201369."},{"key":"2472_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006","author":"SC Hayes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2472_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7146\/sjsep.v2i0.115660","author":"G Diment","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diment G, Henriksen K, Larsen CH. Team Denmark\u2019s sport psychology professional philosophy 2.0. Scand J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7146\/sjsep.v2i0.115660.","journal-title":"Scand J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tod D, Eubank M, Brewer BW. Theoretical orientations in service delivery. In: Applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology. Routledge; 2020. pp. 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429503702-1"},{"key":"2472_CR98","volume-title":"Being a sport psychologist","author":"R Keegan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keegan R. Being a sport psychologist. Bloomsbury Publishing; 2020."},{"key":"2472_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2017.1299470","author":"RJ Schinke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schinke RJ, Stambulova N. Context-driven sport and exercise psychology practice: widening our lens beyond the athlete. J Sport Psychol Action. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2017.1299470.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.04.009","author":"D Tod","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tod D, Hardy J, Lavallee D, Eubank M, Ronkainen N. Practitioners\u2019 narratives regarding active ingredients in service delivery: collaboration-based problem solving. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.04.009.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429503702-13","volume-title":"Applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology","author":"D Tod","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tod D, Van Raalte J. Evidence-based practice. In: Tod D, Eubank M, editors. Applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology. Routledge; 2020. p. 197\u2013214."},{"key":"2472_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyle GM. Working in sport, exercise, and performance psychology. In: Zenko Z, Jones L, editors. Essentials Exerc Sport Psychol: An open access textbook. 2021. pp. 783\u201398. Society for Transparency, Openness, and Replication in Kinesiology.","DOI":"10.51224\/B1033"},{"key":"2472_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.06.005","author":"RJ Schinke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schinke RJ, Si G, Zhang L, Elbe AM, Watson J, Harwood C, et al. Joint position stand of the ISSP, FEPSAC, ASPASP, and AASP on professional accreditation. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.06.005.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daley C, Ong CW, McGregor P. Applied psychology in academy soccer settings: a systems-led approach. In: The Psychology of Soccer. Routledge; 2020.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003005568-15"},{"key":"2472_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2025.2472341","author":"S Wood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wood S, Turner MJ. Integrating psychology skills training (PST) with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). J Sport Psychol Action. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2025.2472341.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000383","author":"I Halperin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halperin I, Wulf G, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Behm DG. Autonomy: a missing ingredient of a successful program? Strength Cond J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000383.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"key":"2472_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2025.2521776","author":"H Rabinovitch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rabinovitch H, Johnston K, Patelia S, Cattle A, Wojtowicz M, Baker J. Playoff beards and unwashed uniforms: a scoping review on athletes\u2019 superstitions and rituals. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2025.2521776.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2017.1292301","author":"JE Hagan Jnr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hagan Jnr JE, Schack T. Integrating pre-game rituals and pre-performance routines in a culture-specific context: implications for sport psychology consultancy. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2017.1292301.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.01.001","author":"C Mesagno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mesagno C, Beckmann J, Wergin VV, Gr\u00f6pel P. Primed to perform: comparing different pre-performance routine interventions to improve accuracy in closed, self-paced motor tasks. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.01.001.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297239003","author":"BP Lewis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis BP, Linder DE. Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167297239003.","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2472_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200902795091","author":"C Mesagno","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mesagno C, Marchant D, Morris T. Alleviating choking: the sounds of distraction. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200902795091.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2011.642458","author":"W Land","year":"2012","unstructured":"Land W, Tenenbaum G. An outcome- and process-oriented examination of a golf-specific secondary task strategy to prevent choking under pressure. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2011.642458.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2016-0054","author":"P Gr\u00f6pel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6pel P, Beckmann J. A pre-performance routine to optimize competition performance in artistic gymnastics. Sport Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.2016-0054.","journal-title":"Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.05.003","author":"G Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood G, Wilson MR. Quiet-eye training, perceived control and performing under pressure. Psych Sport Exerc. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.05.003.","journal-title":"Psych Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2019-0079","author":"MJ Turner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner MJ, Aspin G, Didymus FF, Mack R, Olusoga P, Wood AG, et al. One case, four approaches: the application of psychotherapeutic approaches in sport psychology. Sport Psychol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.2019-0079.","journal-title":"Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2023.2185699","author":"MD Bird","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bird MD, Swann C, Jackman PC. The what, why, and how of goal setting: a review of the goal-setting process in applied sport psychology practice. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2023.2185699.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR117","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Advances in applied sport psychology","author":"KM Kingston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kingston KM, Wilson KM. The application of goal setting in sport. In: Mellalieu SD, Hanton S, editors. Advances in applied sport psychology. Routledge; 2008. p. 85\u2013133."},{"key":"2472_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.32.3.275","author":"R Mullen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mullen R, Hardy L. Conscious processing and the process goal paradox. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.32.3.275.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840902829331","author":"M Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jones M, Meijen C, McCarthy PJ, Sheffield D. A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17509840902829331.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2024.2353686","author":"O Williamson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williamson O, Bird MD, Bennett KJM, Jackman PC, Swann C. Elite athletes\u2019 experiences with, and perceptions of nonspecific goals: a qualitative exploration. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197x.2024.2353686.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR121","volume-title":"Imagery in sport","author":"T Morris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morris T, Spittle M, Watt AP. Imagery in sport. Human Kinetics; 2005."},{"key":"2472_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0276236617752439","author":"J Cumming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cumming J, Eaves DL. The nature, measurement, and development of imagery ability. Imaging Cogn Pers. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0276236617752439.","journal-title":"Imaging Cogn Pers"},{"key":"2472_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.4.3.221","author":"DM Hill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hill DM, Hanton S, Matthews N, Fleming S. A qualitative exploration of choking in elite golf. J Clin Sport Psychol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jcsp.4.3.221.","journal-title":"J Clin Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31820ac5e0","author":"C Collet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collet C, Guillot A, Lebon F, MacIntyre T, Moran A. Measuring motor imagery using psychometric, behavioral, and psychophysiological tools. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JES.0b013e31820ac5e0.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"2472_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2016.1205698","author":"J Cumming","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cumming J, Cooley SJ, Anuar N, Kosteli MC, Quinton ML, Weibull F, et al. Developing imagery ability effectively: a guide to layered stimulus response training. J Sport Psychol Action. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2016.1205698.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2024.2337019","author":"J Rhodes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rhodes J, Nedza K, May J, Clements L. Imagery training for athletes with low imagery abilities. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2024.2337019.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.05.014","author":"A Hatzigeorgiadis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E. Self-talk effectiveness and attention. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.05.014.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2013.790095","author":"A Hatzigeorgiadis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E, Zourbanos N, Theodorakis Y. Self-talk and competitive sport performance. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2013.790095.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.05.007","author":"AT Latinjak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Latinjak AT, Zourbanos N, L\u00f3pez-Ros V, Hatzigeorgiadis A. Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes\u2019 self-talk. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.05.007.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpg016","author":"J Kabat-Zinn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clipsy.bpg016.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"2472_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2016.1250802","author":"M Gross","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gross M, Moore ZE, Gardner FL, Wolanin AT, Pess R, Marks DR. An empirical examination comparing the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment approach and Psychological Skills Training for the mental health and sport performance of female student athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197x.2016.1250802.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01098-7","author":"T Josefsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Josefsson T, Ivarsson A, Gustafsson H, Stenling A, Lindwall M, Tornberg R, et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) on sport-specific dispositional mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-rated athletic performance in a multiple-sport population: an RCT study. Mindfulness. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-019-01098-7.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"2472_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2010.495106","author":"SJ Vine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vine SJ, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training: effects on learning and performance under pressure. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2010.495106.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102051","author":"PC Jackman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jackman PC, Hawkins RM, Whitehead AE, Brick NE. Integrating models of self-regulation and optimal experiences: a qualitative study into flow and clutch states in recreational distance running. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102051.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2472_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2021.2002989","author":"M Byrd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Byrd M, Maurice S, Charalambous C, Garcia S, Searle M. Bridging the gap and finding purpose: an approach for debriefing in applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology. J Sport Psychol Action. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2021.2002989.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2018.1555565","author":"GM Chow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chow GM, Luzzeri M. Post-event reflection: a tool to facilitate self-awareness, self-monitoring, and self-regulation in athletes. J Sport Psychol Action. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2018.1555565.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"key":"2472_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000324","author":"JR Hufton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hufton JR, Vella SA, Schweickle MJ. A qualitative exploration of coaches\u2019 perceptions of performance under pressure in sport. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000324.","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Perform Psychol"},{"key":"2472_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000261","author":"KN van Paridon","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Paridon KN, Timmis MA, Nevison CM, Bristow M. The anticipatory stress response to sport competition; a systematic review with meta-analysis of cortisol reactivity. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000261.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02472-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02472-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02472-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:53:45Z","timestamp":1786352025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02472-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02472-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Christian Swann and Clare L. Minahan are members of Exercise and Sports Science Australia. Matthew J. Schweickle, Renee N. Appaneal, Patricia C. Jackman, Gene M. Moyle, Craig Pickering, Damien Stewart and Stewart A. Vella have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code available","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the conception of the manuscript. The first draft of the manuscript was prepared by Matthew J. Schweickle and all authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}