{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:51:38Z","timestamp":1792086698091,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02484-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:57:04Z","timestamp":1784350624000},"page":"2855-2872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From GPT-4 to Expert-Endorsed Athlete Guidance: A Delphi Consensus on Sleep and Jet Lag"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Vitale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-8153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Athlete Travel & Sleep Interest Group (ATSIG)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Manuel","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Charest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Dohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Filip-Stachnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Fullagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal","family":"Grandner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Lastella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Nedelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey Jansen","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina C Janse","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Rossiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charli","family":"Sargent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Skorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shona","family":"Halson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina C. Janse","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2484_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595","volume":"4","author":"T Dave","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dave T, Athaluri SA, Singh S. ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations. Front Artif Intell. 2023;4:6:1169595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595.","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"2484_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2","volume":"5","author":"F Busch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Busch F, Hoffmann L, Rueger C, et al. Current applications and challenges in large language models for patient care: a systematic review. Commun Med. 2025;5:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"2484_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627685","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1627685","volume":"7","author":"KA O\u2019Brien","year":"2025","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien KA, Prentice S. Assessing the practicality of using freely available AI-based GPT tools for coach learning and athlete development. Front Sports Act Living. 2025;7:1627685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2025.1627685.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"2484_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02303-5","author":"J Vitale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vitale J, McCall A, Cina A, et al. \u201cCan we trust them?\u201d An expert evaluation of large language models to provide sleep and jet lag recommendations for athletes. Sports Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02303-5. (online source).","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2024.08.014","volume":"51","author":"JB Villarreal-Espinosa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villarreal-Espinosa JB, Berreta RS, Allende F, Garcia JR, Ayala S, Familiari F, et al. Accuracy assessment of ChatGPT responses to frequently asked questions regarding anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Knee. 2024;51:84\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2024.08.014.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","volume":"67","author":"IR Diamond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diamond IR, Grant RC, Feldman BM, Pencharz PB, Ling SC, Moore AM, et al. Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(4):401\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x","volume":"32","author":"F Hasson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hasson F, Keeney S, McKenna H. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(4):1008\u201315.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"2484_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01502-0","volume":"51","author":"DC Janse van Rensburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janse van Rensburg DC, Jansen van Rensburg A, Fowler PM, Bender AM, Stevens D, Sullivan KO, et al. Managing travel fatigue and jet lag in athletes: a review and consensus statement. Sports Med. 2021;51(10):2029\u201350.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025","author":"NP Walsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C, Roach GD, N\u00e9d\u00e9lec M, Gupta L, et al. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TECHFORE.2011.04.005","author":"F Hasson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasson F. Enhancing rigour in the Delphi technique research. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TECHFORE.2011.04.005.","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"2484_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102545","author":"I Shrier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrier I. Consensus statements that fail to recognise dissent are flawed by design: a narrative review with 10 suggested improvements. Br J Sports Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102545.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2484_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0304651","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304651","volume":"19","author":"M Niederberger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niederberger M, Schifano J, Deckert S, Hirt J, Homberg A, K\u00f6berich S, et al. Delphi studies in social and health sciences\u2014recommendations for an interdisciplinary standardized reporting (DELPHISTAR). Results of a Delphi study. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(8):e0304651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304651.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2484_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112262","volume":"195","author":"I \u0160krinjar","year":"2026","unstructured":"\u0160krinjar I, Vu\u010di\u0107 K, Puljak L. Sample size and consensus methods used in Delphi studies are heterogeneous: meta-research study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2026;195:112262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112262.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2484_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03425-5","volume":"31","author":"J Gallifant","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gallifant J, Afshar M, Ameen S, et al. The TRIPOD-LLM reporting guideline for studies using large language models. Nat Med. 2025;31:60\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2484_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106092","volume":"57","author":"HP Dijkstra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dijkstra HP, Mc Auliffe S, Ardern CL, Kemp JL, Mosler AB, Price A, et al. Oxford consensus on primary cam morphology and femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: part 2-research priorities on conditions affecting the young person\u2019s hip. Br J Sports Med. 2022;57(6):342\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106092.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","volume":"67","author":"IR Diamond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diamond IR, Grant RC, Feldman BM, Pencharz PB, Ling SC, Moore AM, et al. Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(4):401\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2484_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105384","volume":"57","author":"BM Paton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paton BM, Read P, van Dyk N, Wilson MG, Pollock N, Court N, et al. London International Consensus and Delphi study on hamstring injuries part 3: rehabilitation, running and return to sport. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(5):278\u201391.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1625(91)90002-W","volume":"40","author":"F Woudenberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Woudenberg F. An evaluation of Delphi. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 1991;40:131\u201350.","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"2484_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101401","volume":"8","author":"D Beiderbeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beiderbeck D, Frevel N, von der Gracht HA, et al. Preparing, conducting, and analyzing Delphi surveys: cross-disciplinary practices, new directions, and advancements. MethodsX. 2021;8:101401.","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"2484_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120577","volume":"165","author":"D Beiderbeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beiderbeck D, Frevel N, von der Gracht HA, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on the European football ecosystem\u2014a Delphi-based scenario analysis. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2021;165:120577.","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"2484_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"2484_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2006.02467.x","volume":"40","author":"S Ziebland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ziebland S, McPherson A. Making sense of qualitative data analysis: an introduction with illustrations from DIPEx (personal experiences of health and illness). Med Educ. 2006;40:405\u201314.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2484_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000177","volume":"46","author":"C Hausswirth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hausswirth C, Louis J, Aubry A, Bonnet G, Duffield R, LE Meur Y. Evidence of disturbed sleep and increased illness in overreached endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(5):1036\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000177.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2484_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005","volume":"15","author":"J Charest","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charest J, Grandner MA. Sleep and athletic performance: impacts on physical performance, mental performance, injury risk and recovery, and mental health. Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(1):41\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"2484_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haslon S, Vitale J. Chapter 7\u2014Sleep and physical performance in athletes. In: Sleep and sport physical performance, mental performance, injury prevention, and competitive advantage for athletes, coaches, and trainers; 2024. p. 107\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2019-0-04426-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/C2019-0-04426-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.02.005","volume":"12","author":"K Trabelsi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trabelsi K, BaHammam AS, Chtourou H, Jahrami H, Vitiello MV. The good, the bad, and the ugly of consumer sleep technologies use among athletes: a call for action. J Sport Health Sci. 2023;12(4):486\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.02.005.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2484_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01119-4","volume":"49","author":"SL Halson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halson SL. Sleep monitoring in athletes: motivation, methods, miscalculations and why it matters. Sports Med. 2019;49(10):1487\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01119-4.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02245-y","volume":"55","author":"H Silva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Silva H, Del Coso J, Pickering C. Caffeine and sports performance: the conflict between caffeine intake to enhance performance and avoiding caffeine to ensure sleep quality. Sports Med. 2025;55:1579\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02245-y.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101764","volume":"69","author":"C Gardiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gardiner C, Weakley J, Burke LM, Roach GD, Sargent C, Maniar N, et al. The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;69:101764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101764.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2484_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.07.013","volume":"17","author":"CL Ekegren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ekegren CL, Quested R, Brodrick A. Injuries in pre-professional ballet dancers: incidence, characteristics and consequences. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17(3):271e\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.07.013.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"6","key":"2484_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226e","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395879","volume":"39","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ekstrand J, H\u00e4gglund M, Wald\u00e9n M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(6):1226e\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546510395879.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2484_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033548","volume":"41","author":"RN van Gent","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Gent RN, Siem D, van Middelkoop M, van Os AG, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Koes BW. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(8):469\u201380.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2484_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0578-x","volume":"47","author":"A Ivarsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ivarsson A, Johnson U, Andersen MB, Tranaeus U, Stenling A, Lindwall M. Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: meta-analyses for prediction and prevention. Sports Med. 2017;47(2):353\u201365.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2484_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001306","volume":"39","author":"B Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao B, Dwivedi S, Milewski MD, Cruz AI Jr. Lack of sleep and sports injuries in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019;39(5):e324\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001306.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01416-3","volume":"51","author":"DA Dobrosielski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dobrosielski DA, Sweeney L, Lisman PJ. The association between poor sleep and the incidence of sport and physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2021;51(4):777\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01416-3.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307e3","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182218f71","volume":"21","author":"A Luke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luke A, Lazaro RM, Bergeron MF, Keyser L, Benjamin H, Brenner J, et al. Sports-related injuries in youth athletes: is overscheduling a risk factor? Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(4):307e3.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2484_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.01.004","volume":"6","author":"T Grier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grier T, Dinkeloo E, Reynolds M, Jones BH. Sleep duration and musculoskeletal injury incidence in physically active men and women: a study of U.S. Army special operation Forces soldiers. Sleep Health. 2020;6(3):344e.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2484_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003464","volume":"34","author":"TM Burke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burke TM, Lisman PJ, Maguire K, Skeiky L, Choynowski JJ, Capaldi VF 2nd, et al. Examination of sleep and injury among college football athletes. J Strength Conditioning Res. 2020;34(3):609.","journal-title":"J Strength Conditioning Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498e","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1716229","volume":"28","author":"AR Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel AR, Hsu A, Perez IA, Wren TAL, Edison BR. Assessing the effects of sleep on neurocognitive performance and injury rate in adolescent athletes using actigraphy. Res Sports Med. 2020;28(4):498e\u2013506.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 116835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116835","volume":"235","author":"DF Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang DF, Shen YL, Wu C, Huang YS, Lee PY, Er NX, et al. Sleep deprivation reduces the recovery of muscle injury induced by high-intensity exercise in a mouse model. Life Sci. 2019;235:Article 116835.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2484_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.04.017","volume":"77","author":"M Dattilo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dattilo M, Antunes HK, Medeiros A, M\u00f4nico Neto M, Souza HS, Tufik S, et al. Sleep and muscle recovery: endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2011;77(2):220\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.04.017.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"15","key":"2484_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103163","volume":"55","author":"DCC Janse van Rensburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janse van Rensburg DCC, Fowler P, Racinais S. Practical tips to manage travel fatigue and jet lag in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(15):821\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103163.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2484_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824d2eeb","volume":"22","author":"CH Samuels","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samuels CH. Jet lag and travel fatigue: a comprehensive management plan for sport medicine physicians and high-performance support teams. Clin J Sport Med. 2012;22(3):268\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824d2eeb.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2484_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.892681","volume":"16","author":"J Leota","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leota J, Hoffman D, Czeisler M\u00c9, Mascaro L, Drummond SPA, Anderson C, et al. Eastward jet lag is associated with impaired performance and game outcome in the National Basketball Association. Front Physiol. 2022;16(13):892681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.892681.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2484_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0741-z","volume":"47","author":"JA Vitale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vitale JA, Weydahl A. Chronotype, physical activity, and sport performance: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47(9):1859\u201368.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2484_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2009.01.004","volume":"4","author":"JF Duffy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Effect of light on human circadian physiology. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4(2):165\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2009.01.004.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"2484_CR47","first-page":"362","volume":"20","author":"RS Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith RS, Guilleminault C, Efron B. Circadian rhythms and enhanced athletic performance in the National Football League. Sleep. 1997;20(5):362\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2484_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.4.3.394","volume":"4","author":"WC Winter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Winter WC, Hammond WR, Green NH, Zhang Z, Bliwise DL. Measuring circadian advantage in major league baseball: a 10-year retrospective study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009;4(3):394\u2013401.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"5","key":"2484_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","volume":"146","author":"MJ Sateia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146(5):1387\u201394.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"2484_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsae075","volume":"49","author":"CJ Leslie-Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leslie-Miller CJ, Simon SL, Dean K, Mokhallati N, Cushing CC. The critical need for expert oversight of ChatGPT: prompt engineering for safeguarding child healthcare information. J Pediatr Psychol. 2024;49(11):812\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsae075. (PMID: 39271174).","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2484_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1256301","volume":"34","author":"JA Vitale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vitale JA, Bonato M, Galasso L, La Torre A, Merati G, Montaruli A, et al. Sleep quality and high intensity interval training at two different times of day: a crossover study on the influence of the chronotype in male collegiate soccer players. Chronobiol Int. 2017;34(2):260\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07420528.2016.1256301.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2484_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00599-z","volume":"9","author":"LA Cunha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cunha LA, Costa JA, Marques EA, Brito J, Lastella M, Figueiredo P. The impact of sleep interventions on athletic performance: a systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2023;9(1):58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-023-00599-z.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"2484_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52399","volume":"26","author":"K Denecke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denecke K, May R, LLMHealthGroup, Rivera Romero O. Potential of large language models in health care: Delphi study. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e52399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/52399.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2484_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","volume":"45","author":"HH Fullagar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fullagar HH, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med. 2015;45(2):161\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2484_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S315556","volume":"13","author":"M Lastella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lastella M, Halson SL, Vitale JA, Memon AR, Vincent GE. To nap or not to nap? A systematic review evaluating napping behavior in athletes and the impact on various measures of athletic performance. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:841\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NSS.S315556.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221108732","volume":"15","author":"RA Coel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coel RA, Pujalte GGA, Applewhite AI, Zaslow T, Cooper G, Ton AN, et al. Sleep and the young athlete. Sports Health. 2023;15(4):537\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19417381221108732.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"2484_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101401","volume":"8","author":"D Beiderbeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beiderbeck D, Frevel N, von der Gracht HA, Schmidt SL, Schweitzer VM. Preparing, conducting, and analyzing Delphi surveys: cross-disciplinary practices, new directions, and advancements. MethodsX. 2021;8:101401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101401.","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"issue":"4","key":"2484_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116","volume":"11","author":"P Nasa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasa P, Jain R, Juneja D. Delphi methodology in healthcare research: how to decide its appropriateness. World J Methodol. 2021;11(4):116\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116.","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2484_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1688","volume":"15","author":"A Jung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jung A, Braun T, Armijo-Olivo S, Challoumas D, Luedtke K. Consensus on the definition and assessment of external validity of randomized controlled trials: a Delphi study. Res Synth Methods. 2024;15(2):288\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1688.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"4157","key":"2484_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"A Tversky","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science. 1974;185(4157):1124\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02484-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02484-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02484-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:34:50Z","timestamp":1792085690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02484-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02484-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Shona Halson and Alan McCall are Editorial Board members of Sports Medicine. Neither were involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions. All other authors declare no conflict of interest or competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author, Jacopo Vitale (jacopo.vitale@uniecampus.it), upon reasonable request.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of data and material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"As specified in a letter from the local Ethics Committee of the Principal Investigator (J.V., dated 15\/12\/2023), ethical approval was not required because the broader research project, including both the prior LLM benchmarking study and the present Delphi consensus study, did not fall within the scope of the Human Research Act. The same waiver applied to both phases because the studies formed part of the same overarching project evaluating AI-generated sleep and jet-lag guidance for athletes. The present Delphi phase involved expert evaluation of FAQ responses and did not involve patients, athletes, clinical interventions or the collection of personal health data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Expert members of ATSIG were invited and agreed to participate in both rounds of the Delphi process.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}