{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:10:49Z","timestamp":1789657849594,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Augsburg","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p14d497","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resistance training is considered safe and beneficial for young individuals, yet the extent to which it results in morphological adaptations before, during and after puberty remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this review was to quantify the effects of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy in children and adolescents and to examine whether the effects differ by maturational stage, sex, and hypertrophy-oriented design of the resistance training program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched in April 2025. Randomized and non-randomized controlled studies in participants younger than 18\u00a0years of age were eligible when hypertrophy was assessed with direct imaging or indirect instrumented methods. Subgroup analyses were conducted by maturational status, sex and the hypertrophy-oriented design of the resistance training program. Effect sizes (Cohen\u2019s\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random-effects model with heterogeneity quantified via the\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB\u00a02 and ROBINS-I and methodological quality with the PEDro scale. The review was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD420251025605). The hypertrophy suitability of the resistance training protocols was evaluated using established hypertrophy guidelines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-three studies with a total of 1443 participants were included. Overall, compared with passive controls, resistance training induced a small increase in muscle mass (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22 95% CI 0.06\u20130.37), while compared with active controls, the effects were notably greater (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009 0.61, 95% CI 0.03\u20131.20). Subgroup analyses revealed trivial-to-small hypertrophy across maturational stages when compared with passive controls (prepubertal Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.16, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.04 to 0.36; peripubertal Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u20090.30, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.58 postpubertal Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.31 to 0.33). Compared with active controls, subgroup differences by maturational stage were statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009 0.0227), with postpubertal participants showing a large and significant effect (Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.50, 95% CI 0.46\u20132.54) compared with smaller, non-significant effects in peripubertal and prepubertal participants. Compared with active controls, hypertrophy was large in males (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009 1.26, 95% CI 0.29\u20132.22), trivial in females (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009 \u2013 0.12, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20091.05\u20130.81) and trivial in mixed samples (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.08 to 0.17). Compared with passive controls, changes were trivial in males (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009 0.11, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.12\u20130.34), small in females (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.20, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20090.07 to 0.46) and small in mixed samples (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009 0.39, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u2009 0.01 to 0.78).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resistance training induces small hypertrophy compared with passive controls and larger effects compared with active controls. The hypertrophic adaptations occur across various maturational stages but postpubertal youth show the greatest increases when contrasted with active comparators. Sex did not consistently influence outcomes. Resistance training promotes muscle growth in young males and females and is partly influenced by maturational stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02499-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:45:27Z","timestamp":1789656327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2485-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannik","family":"Komm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avery","family":"Faigenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Augste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0205-0","author":"H Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins H, Booth JN, Duncan A, Fawkner S, Niven A. The effect of resistance training interventions on \u201cthe self\u201d in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-019-0205-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"02","key":"2499_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1378-3385","volume":"37","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, Geisler S. The promise of youth resistance training. B G Bewegungstherapie Gesundheitssport. 2021;37(02):47\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1378-3385.","journal-title":"B G Bewegungstherapie Gesundheitssport"},{"key":"2499_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02240-3","author":"H Chaabene","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaabene H, Ramirez-Campillo R, Moran J, Schega L, Prieske O, Sandau I, et al. The era of resistance training as a primary form of physical activity for physical fitness and health in youth has come. Sports Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02240-3.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000784","volume":"19","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, MacDonald JP, Stracciolini A, Rebullido TR. Making a strong case for prioritizing muscular fitness in youth physical activity guidelines. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2020;19(12):530\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000784.","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"6 (Suppl. 3)","key":"2499_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0663","volume":"41","author":"VJ Poitras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, Janssen I, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 (Suppl. 3)):S197-239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0663.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","volume":"4","author":"R Guthold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2499_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2022-0456","volume":"19","author":"S Aubert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aubert S, Barnes JD, Demchenko I, Hawthorne M, Abdeta C, Abi Nader P, et al. Global matrix 4.0 physical activity report card grades for children and adolescents: results and analyses from 57 countries. J Phys Act Health. 2022;19(11):700\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2022-0456.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"2499_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2313","author":"RD Neville","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neville RD, Lakes KD, Hopkins WG, Tarantino G, Draper CE, Beck R, et al. Global changes in child and adolescent physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Pediatr. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2313.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2499_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073963","volume":"19","author":"M R\u00faa-Alonso","year":"2022","unstructured":"R\u00faa-Alonso M, Rial-V\u00e1zquez J, Nine I, Lete-Lasa JR, Clavel I, Gir\u00e1ldez-Garc\u00eda MA, et al. Comparison of physical fitness profiles obtained before and during COVID-19 pandemic in two independent large samples of children and adolescents: DAFIS project. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):3963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19073963.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2499_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31819df407","volume":"23","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJR, Jeffreys I, Micheli LJ, Nitka M, et al. Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(5):S60-79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31819df407.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2499_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-0914-2","author":"AM Parrish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parrish AM, Tremblay MS, Carson S, Veldman SLC, Cliff D, Vella S, et al. Comparing and assessing physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents: a systematic literature review and analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-020-0914-2.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2499_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105804","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, Stracciolini A, MacDonald JP, Rebullido TR. Mythology of youth resistance training. Br J Sports Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105804.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000958","volume":"28","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, Kamis D, Rial Rebullido T. A strong approach for overcoming the FoRE: fear of resistance exercise. ACSMs Health Fit J. 2024;28(3):14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000958.","journal-title":"ACSMs Health Fit J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2499_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1011","volume":"145","author":"PR Stricker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stricker PR, Faigenbaum AD, McCambridge TM. Resistance training for children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20201011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-1011.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000001122","volume":"22","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Bush JA, Rial Rebullido T. May the force be with youth: foundational strength for lifelong development. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2023;22(12):414\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JSR.0000000000001122.","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2022.2146610","volume":"94","author":"AD Faigenbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faigenbaum AD, McFarland JE. Developing resistance training skill literacy in youth. J Phys Educ Recreat Dance. 2023;94(2):5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07303084.2022.2146610.","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Recreat Dance"},{"issue":"7","key":"2499_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01098-6","volume":"49","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Hermoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Hermoso A, Ram\u00edrez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Is muscular fitness associated with future health benefits in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Sports Med. 2019;49(7):1079\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01098-6.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2499_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01107-8","author":"CB Taber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taber CB, Vigotsky A, Nuckols G, Haun CT. Exercise-induced myofibrillar hypertrophy is a contributory cause of gains in muscle strength. Sports Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01107-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2499_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003819","author":"EA Marques","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marques EA, Balshaw TG, Funnell MP, McDermott EJ, Maeo S, James LJ, et al. Muscle growth is very strongly correlated with strength gains after lower body resistance training: new insight from within-participant associations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003819.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2499_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000432","volume":"40","author":"WG Hornsby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hornsby WG, Gentles JA, Haff GG, Stone MH, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, et al. What is the impact of muscle hypertrophy on strength and sport performance? Strength Cond J. 2018;40(6):99\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000432.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0862-z","volume":"48","author":"TJ Suchomel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength: training considerations. Sports Med. 2018;48(4):765\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0862-z.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2499_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000248843.31874.be","volume":"16","author":"RM Malina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malina RM. Weight training in youth: growth, maturation, and safety\u2014an evidence-based review. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16:478\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.jsm.0000248843.31874.be.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2499_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199404000-00017","volume":"26","author":"JC Ozmun","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ozmun JC, Mikesky AE, Surburg PR. Neuromuscular adaptations following prepubescent strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:510\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1406778","volume":"46","author":"J Fink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fink J, Schoenfeld BJ, Nakazato K. The role of hormones in muscle hypertrophy. Phys Sportsmed. 2017;46(1):129\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00913847.2018.1406778.","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E154","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00502.2001","volume":"283","author":"I Sinha-Hikim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sinha-Hikim I, Artaza J, Woodhouse L, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Singh AB, Lee MI, et al. Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283(1):E154\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00502.2001.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2499_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthtr.2025.01.002","author":"M Behringer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Behringer M, Heinrich C, Franz A. Anabolic signals and muscle hypertrophy \u2013 significance for strength training in sports medicine. Sports Orthop Traumatol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orthtr.2025.01.002.","journal-title":"Sports Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"2499_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.12.026","volume":"88","author":"H Ozaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozaki H, Loenneke JP, Buckner SL, Abe T. Muscle growth across a variety of exercise modalities and intensities: contributions of mechanical and metabolic stimuli. Med Hypotheses. 2016;88:22\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.12.026.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2499_CR28","first-page":"264","volume":"9","author":"DG Behm","year":"1995","unstructured":"Behm DG. Neuromuscular implications and applications of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 1995;9:264\u201374.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2499_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3","volume":"24","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(10):2857\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00685.2018","volume":"126","author":"H Wackerhage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wackerhage H, Schoenfeld BJ, Hamilton DL, Lehti M, Hulmi JJ. Stimuli and sensors that initiate skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126(1):30\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00685.2018.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2499_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2025.101104","volume":"15","author":"DW Van Every","year":"2025","unstructured":"Van Every DW, Lees MJ, Wilson B, Nippard J, Phillips SM. Load-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy: mechanisms, myths, and misconceptions. J Sport Health Sci. 2025;15:101104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2025.101104.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR32","first-page":"103","volume":"1","author":"H Wackerhage","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wackerhage H, Woods NM. Exercise-induced signal transduction and gene regulation in skeletal muscle. J Sports Sci Med. 2002;1(4):103\u201314.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737030-00004","volume":"37","author":"M Wernbom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thome R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med. 2007;37(3):225\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200737030-00004.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-200568","volume":"8","author":"S Schiaffino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schiaffino S, Reggiani C, Akimoto T, Blaauw B. Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2020;8(2):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JND-200568.","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"2499_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12253","volume":"280","author":"S Schiaffino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. FEBS J. 2013;280(17):4294\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.12253.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2011.641978","volume":"32","author":"AK Yamada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yamada AK, Verlengia R, Bueno Junior CR. Mechanotransduction pathways in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Recept Signal Transduct. 2011;32(1):42\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10799893.2011.641978.","journal-title":"J Recept Signal Transduct"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833781b5","volume":"13","author":"JJ McCarthy","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCarthy JJ, Esser KA. Anabolic and catabolic pathways regulating skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(3):230\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833781b5.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0017-1","volume":"43","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ. Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Med. 2013;43(3):179\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0017-1.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3792-9","volume":"118","author":"F Damas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;118(3):485\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3792-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2499_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002929","author":"C Lim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim C, Nunes EA, Currier BS, Mcleod JC, Thomas ACQ, Phillips SM. An evidence-based narrative review of mechanisms of resistance exercise-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002929.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-04061-x","volume":"119","author":"LA Olsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olsen LA, Nicoll JX, Fry AC. The skeletal muscle fiber: a mechanically sensitive cell. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(2):333\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-018-04061-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2499_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3690-1","volume":"117","author":"SJ Dankel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dankel SJ, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Mouser JG, Loenneke JP. Do metabolites that are produced during resistance exercise enhance muscle hypertrophy? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(11):2125\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3690-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000346","volume":"52","author":"DW Van Every","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Every DW, D\u2019Souza AC, Phillips SM. Hormones, hypertrophy, and hype: an evidence-guided primer on endogenous endocrine influences on exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2024;52(4):117\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000346.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19042","volume":"13","author":"MC Refalo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Refalo MC, Nuckols G, Galpin AJ, Gallagher IJ, Fyfe JJ. Sex differences in absolute and relative changes in muscle size following resistance training in healthy adults: a systematic review with Bayesian meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2025;13(1):e19042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19042.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2499_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003521","volume":"34","author":"BM Roberts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts BM, Nuckols G, Krieger JW. Sex differences in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1448\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003521.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2499_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00170.2012","volume":"112","author":"DWD West","year":"2012","unstructured":"West DWD, Burd NA, Churchward-Venne TA, Camera DM, Mitchell CJ, Baker SK, et al. Sex-based comparisons of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise in the fed state. J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(11):1805\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00170.2012.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2499_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02263-w","author":"T Havers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Havers T, Held S, Sch\u00f6nfelder M, Geisler S, Wackerhage H. Effects of skeletal muscle hypertrophy on fat mass and glucose homeostasis in humans and animals: a narrative review with systematic literature search. Sports Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02263-w.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.07.003","volume":"23","author":"CC Prodromos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prodromos CC, Han Y, Rogowski J, Joyce B, Shi K. A meta-analysis of the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears as a function of gender, sport, and a knee injury\u2013reduction regimen. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(12):1320-1325.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.07.003.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2499_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.079376","volume":"46","author":"J Kristensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kristensen J, Franklyn-Miller A. Resistance training in musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review. BJSM. 2011;46(10):719\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2010.079376.","journal-title":"BJSM"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200005000-00001","volume":"8","author":"LY Griffin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Griffin LY, Agel J, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA, Dick RW, Garrett WE, et al. Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and prevention strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8(3):141\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-200005000-00001.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2499_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2022_743","author":"F Castelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castelli F, Valero-Breton M, Hernandez MA, Guarda FJ, Cornejo JG, Cabello-Verrugio C, et al. Regulatory mechanisms of muscle mass: the critical role of resistance training in children and adolescent. PubMed. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/5584_2022_743.","journal-title":"PubMed."},{"key":"2499_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-020","volume":"33","author":"DG Behm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Behm DG, Faigenbaum AD, Falk B, Klentrou P. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33:547\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/H08-020.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2499_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092952","volume":"48","author":"RS Lloyd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lloyd RS, Faigenbaum AD, Stone MH, Oliver JL, Jeffreys I, Moody JA, et al. Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):498\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092952.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2016-0023","volume":"28","author":"K Legerlotz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Legerlotz K, Marzilger R, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Physiological adaptations following resistance training in youth athletes: a narrative review. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(4):501\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.2016-0023.","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"2499_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1646835","volume":"7","author":"S Enomoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Enomoto S, Tottori N. Muscle morphological adaptations to resistance training and sports participation in children and adolescents: a scoping review. Front Sports Act Living. 2025;7:1646835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2025.1646835.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR56","first-page":"120","volume":"1","author":"B Falk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Falk B, Eliakim A. Resistance training, skeletal muscle and growth. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2003;1(2):120\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200101000-00004","volume":"9","author":"JA Guy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guy JA, Micheli LJ. Strength training for children and adolescents. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-200101000-00004.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2499_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2021-0029","volume":"78","author":"T Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costa T, Murara P, Vancini RL, de Lira CAB, Andrade MS. Influence of biological maturity on the muscular strength of young male and female swimmers. J Hum Kinet. 2021;78:67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/hukin-2021-0029.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"18","key":"2499_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b1c99f","volume":"34","author":"AD Furlan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M. 2009 updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine. 2009;34(18):1929\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b1c99f.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2499_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029769","author":"DC Hughes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughes DC, Ellefsen S, Baar K. Adaptations to endurance and strength training. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a029769.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2499_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000929","author":"AM Gonzalez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gonzalez AM, Escalante G, Varovic D, Schwarz AV, Rolnick N, De Souza EO. Advanced resistance training strategies for bodybuilding: tools for muscle hypertrophy. Strength Cond J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000929.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002200","volume":"31","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(12):3508\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002200.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2499_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schoenfeld B, Grgic J. Evidence-based guidelines for resistance training volume to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength Cond J. 2017;40(4):1; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000363","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000363"},{"key":"2499_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003728","author":"T Hermann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hermann T, Mohan AE, Enes A, Sapuppo M, Pi\u00f1ero A, Zamanzadeh A, et al. Without fail: muscular adaptations in single set resistance training performed to failure or with repetitions-in-reserve. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003728.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2499_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02069-2","volume":"54","author":"ZP Robinson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robinson ZP, Pelland JC, Remmert JF, Refalo MC, Jukic I, Steele J, et al. Exploring the dose\u2013response relationship between estimated resistance training proximity to failure, strength gain, and muscle hypertrophy: a series of meta-regressions. Sports Med. 2024;54:2209\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02069-2.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2499_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1429789","volume":"14","author":"A Singer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singer A, Wolf M, Generoso L, Arias E, Delcastillo K, Echevarria E, et al. Give it a rest: a systematic review with Bayesian meta-analysis on the effect of inter-set rest interval duration on muscle hypertrophy. Front Sports Active Liv. 2024;14:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1429789.","journal-title":"Front Sports Active Liv"},{"key":"2499_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.06.005","author":"JC Mcleod","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mcleod JC, Currier BS, Lowisz CV, Phillips SM. The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: an umbrella review. J Sport Health Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.06.005.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"2499_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2021-0515","author":"LHF Carvalho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carvalho LHF, Junior RM, Barreira J, Schoenfeld BJ, Orazem J, Barroso R. Muscle hypertrophy and strength gains after resistance training with different volume matched loads: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2021-0515.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2499_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05655-4","author":"EN Moreno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreno EN, Sampson DT, Figueroa EC, Jessee MB, Buckner SL. Increasing set volume relative to baseline does not augment skeletal muscle adaptations when compared to maintenance of baseline training volume in recreationally trained individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05655-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2499_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0640-8","volume":"47","author":"SJ Dankel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dankel SJ, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Mouser JG, Counts BR, et al. Frequency: the overlooked resistance training variable for inducing muscle hypertrophy? Sports Med. 2016;47(5):799\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0640-8.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001764","volume":"51","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Contreras B, Krieger J, Grgic J, Delcastillo K, Belliard R, et al. Resistance training volume enhances muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;51(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001764.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.17338\/trainology.12.2_29","volume":"12","author":"SL Buckner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buckner SL, Moreno EN, Baxter HT. The dose-response relationship between resistance training volume and muscle hypertrophy: there are still doubts. J Trainol. 2023;12(2):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17338\/trainology.12.2_29.","journal-title":"J Trainol"},{"key":"2499_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106807","author":"BS Currier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Currier BS, Mcleod JC, Banfield L, Beyene J, Welton NJ, D\u2019Souza AC, et al. Resistance training prescription for muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy adults: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BJSM. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106807.","journal-title":"BJSM."},{"key":"2499_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-025-00338-8","author":"O Martikainen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Martikainen O, Niiranen H, Rytk\u00f6nen T, Schoenfeld BJ, Ahtiainen JP, Hulmi JJ. Influence of varying proximity-to-failure on muscular adaptations and repetitions-in-reserve estimation accuracy in resistance-trained individuals. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42978-025-00338-8.","journal-title":"J Sci Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003271","volume":"55","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez-Belmonte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Belmonte A, Mart\u00ednez-Cava A, Buend\u00eda-Romero \u00c1, Franco-L\u00f3pez F, Pallar\u00e9s JG. Free-weight and machine-based training are equally effective on strength and hypertrophy: challenging a traditional myth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023;55(12):2316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003271.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0304-0","volume":"45","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn DI, Krieger JW. Effect of repetition duration during resistance training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):577\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0304-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2499_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2535198","volume":"21","author":"CH Amdi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amdi CH, King A. The effect of eccentric phase duration on maximal strength, muscle hypertrophy and countermovement jump height: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2025;21:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2025.2535198.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2499_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2025-0238","author":"D Varovic","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varovic D, Zganjer K, Wolf M, Androulakis-Korakakis P, Schoenfeld BJ, Mikulic P. The effects of long muscle length isometric versus full range of motion isotonic training on regional quadriceps femoris hypertrophy in resistance-trained individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2025-0238.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2499_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01766-0","author":"D Kadlec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kadlec D, Sainani KL, Nimphius S. With great power comes great responsibility: common errors in meta-analyses and meta-regressions in strength & conditioning research. Sports Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01766-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2499_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","volume":"83","author":"CG Maher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713\u201321.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/s0004-9514(09)70043-1","volume":"55","author":"NA de Morton","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(2):129\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0004-9514(09)70043-1.","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"key":"2499_CR82","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","volume":"1","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.12.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"2499_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1186.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2499_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.04.015","volume":"80","author":"KF Mueller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mueller KF, Meerpohl JJ, Briel M, Antes G, von Elm E, Lang B, et al. Methods for detecting, quantifying, and adjusting for dissemination bias in meta-analysis are described. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;80:25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.04.015.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005","volume":"66","author":"AG Cashin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cashin AG, McAuley JH. Clinimetrics: physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. J Physiother. 2020;66(1):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2499_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0","volume-title":"Meta-analysis with R","author":"G Schwarzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwarzer G, Carpenter JR, R\u00fccker G. Meta-analysis with R. Cham: Springer; 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839919893361","volume":"21","author":"D Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown D. A review of the PubMed PICO tool: using evidence-based practice in health education. Health Promot Pract. 2019;21(4):496\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524839919893361.","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"key":"2499_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1230","volume":"18","author":"NR Haddaway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and open synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2020;18:e1230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cl2.1230.","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2499_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199010000-00011","volume":"22","author":"JA Ramsay","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ramsay JA, Blimkie CJ, Smith K, Garner S, MacDougall JD, Sale DG. Strength training effects in prepubescent boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(5):605\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00005768-199010000-00011.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2114\/ahs1983.11.357","volume":"11","author":"T Fukunaga","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fukunaga T, Funato K, Ikegawa S. The effects of resistance training on muscle area and strength in prepubescent age. Ann Physiol Anthropol. 1992;11(3):357\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2114\/ahs1983.11.357.","journal-title":"Ann Physiol Anthropol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199812000-00013","volume":"30","author":"MS Treuth","year":"1998","unstructured":"Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Figueroa-Colon R, Goran MI. Effects of strength training on intra-abdominal adipose tissue in obese prepubertal girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(12):1738\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199812000-00013.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2499_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.12.003","volume":"50","author":"DR Lubans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lubans DR, Sheaman C, Callister R. Exercise adherence and intervention effects of two school-based resistance training programs for adolescents. Prev Med. 2010;50(1\u20132):56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.12.003.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2013.09.2028","volume":"41","author":"AS Alberga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alberga AS, Farnesi BC, Lafleche A, Legault L, Komorowski J. The effects of resistance exercise training on body composition and strength in obese prepubertal children. Phys Sportsmed. 2013;41(3):103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/psm.2013.09.2028.","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"10","key":"2499_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001712","volume":"31","author":"BJ Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson BJ, Stock MS, Mota JA, Drusch AS, DeFranco RN, Cook TR, et al. Adaptations associated with an after-school strength and conditioning program in middle-school-aged boys: a quasi-experimental design. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(10):2840\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001712.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2499_CR96","first-page":"60","volume":"12","author":"Y Takai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takai Y, Fukunaga Y, Fujita E, Mori H, Yoshimoto T, Yamamoto M, et al. Effects of body mass-based squat training in adolescent boys. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12(1):60\u20135.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2499_CR97","first-page":"678","volume":"56","author":"T Yoshimoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoshimoto T, Takai Y, Fukunaga Y, Fujita E, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Effects of school-based squat training in adolescent girls. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016;56(6):678\u201383.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096219","volume":"52","author":"MN Larsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larsen MN, Nielsen CM, Helge EW, Madsen M, Manniche V, Hansen L, et al. Positive effects on bone mineralisation and muscular fitness after 10 months of intense school-based physical training for children aged 8\u201310 years: the FIT FIRST randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(4):254\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096219.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2499_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.01.007","volume":"19","author":"SK Harries","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harries SK, Lubans DR, Callister R. Comparison of resistance training progression models on maximal strength in sub-elite adolescent rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(2):163\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.01.007.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"11","key":"2499_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002428","volume":"32","author":"BJ McKinlay","year":"2018","unstructured":"McKinlay BJ, Wallace P, Dotan R, Long D, Tokuno C, Gabriel DA, et al. Effects of plyometric and resistance training on muscle strength, explosiveness, and neuromuscular function in young adolescent soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(11):3039\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002428.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"2499_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortega Fernandez JA, Gonzalez De los Reyes Y, Garavito Pe\u00f1a FR. Effects of strength training based on velocity versus traditional training on muscle mass, neuromuscular activation, and indicators of maximal power and strength in girls soccer players. Apunts Sports Med. 2020;55(206):53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apunsm.2020.03.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apunsm.2020.03.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2020.0280","volume":"17","author":"WW Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu WW, Lee S, Arslanian S, Tamim H, Kuk JL. Effects of exercise on resting metabolic rate in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Child Obes. 2021;17(4):249\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/chi.2020.0280.","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"key":"2499_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias JS, Agostinete RR, Urban JB, Torres W, Duarte de Lima Mesquita E, Cayres-Santos SU, et al. Effect of resistance training on body composition of adolescents: ABCD Growth Study. Indian Pediatr. 2023;60(4):285\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-023-2860-1"},{"issue":"9","key":"2499_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05455-w","volume":"124","author":"TJ Herda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herda TJ, Holmes EA, Cleary CJ, Minor KT, Thyfault JP, Shook RP, et al. Motor unit firing rates increase in prepubescent youth following linear periodization resistance exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024;124(9):2675\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05455-w.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cc230a","volume":"24","author":"A Velez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Velez A, Golem DL, Arent SM. The impact of a 12-week resistance training program on strength, body composition, and self-concept of Hispanic adolescents. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(4):1065\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cc230a.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2499_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1271677","volume":"32","author":"U Granacher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Granacher U, Goesele A, Roggo K, Wischer T, Fischer S, Zuerny C, et al. Effects and mechanisms of strength training in children. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(5):357\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1271677.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2499_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1343","volume":"132","author":"U Meinhardt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meinhardt U, Witassek F, Petr\u00f2 R, Fritz C, Eiholzer U. Strength training and physical activity in boys: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2013;132(6):1105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-1343.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2499_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cunha GS, Sant\u2019anna MM, Cadore EL, Oliveira NL, Santos CB, Pinto RS, et al. Physiological adaptations to resistance training in prepubertal boys. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015;86(2):172\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2014.982782.","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2014.982782"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0329","volume":"15","author":"A Deldin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deldin A, Kuk JL, Lee S. Influence of sex on the changes in regional fat and skeletal muscle mass in response to exercise training in adolescents with obesity. Child Obes. 2019;15(3):216\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/chi.2018.0329.","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248110","volume":"16","author":"DD Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen DD, Sandercock GR, Camacho PA, Otero-Wandurraga J, Romero SMP, Mar\u00edn RDPM, et al. The SIMAC study: a randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of resistance training and aerobic training on the fitness and body composition of Colombian adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0248110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248110.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2499_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.869063","volume":"13","author":"M Bouamra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bouamra M, Zouhal H, Ratel S, Makhlouf I, Bezrati I, Chtara M, et al. Concurrent training promotes greater gains on body composition and components of physical fitness than single-mode training (endurance or resistance) in youth with obesity. Front Physiol. 2022;13:869063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.869063.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2499_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123400","volume":"13","author":"D Ko\u017alenia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ko\u017alenia D, Popowczak M, Szafraniec R, Alvarez C, Domaradzki J. Changes in muscle mass and strength in adolescents following high-intensity functional training with bodyweight resistance exercises in physical education lessons. J Clin Med. 2024;13(12):3400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13123400.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2499_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9626-4","volume":"17","author":"DJ Tomlinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomlinson DJ, Erskine RM, Morse CI, Winwood K, Onamb\u00e9l\u00e9-Pearson G. The impact of obesity on skeletal muscle strength and structure through adolescence to old age. Biogerontology. 2016;17(3):467\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-015-9626-4.","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2499_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cleary B. Fatigue mechanisms and their implications in hypertrophy: a review. Int J Strength Cond. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47206\/ijsc.v5i1.381.","DOI":"10.47206\/ijsc.v5i1.381"},{"issue":"5","key":"2499_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0450-4","volume":"46","author":"AM Gonzalez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez AM, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Willoughby DS. Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following resistance exercise: implications for muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med. 2016;46(5):671\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0450-4.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2499_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.70013","volume":"45","author":"SL Buckner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buckner SL, Gonzalez SL, Holtje JM, Moreno EN, Dankel SJ. Absolute and relative changes in muscle thickness and muscle cross-sectional area. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2025;45(4):e70013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpf.70013.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02499-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02499-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02499-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:45:32Z","timestamp":1789656332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02499-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["2499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02499-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In accordance with Springer\u2019s Competing Interests policy, the authors declare that they have no competing interests. All authors of this manuscript declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data and material are available in the electronic supplementary material.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Y.K., C.A., S.G., P.C. and A.F. conceived and designed the review. Y.K. and L.Z. collected the data for the review. Y.K. and S.H. analyzed the data. Y.K. interpreted the data. Y.K. and S.H. wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the article.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}