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Effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The primary outcome was maximal oxygen uptake (VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Secondary outcomes included blood pressure, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism markers and body composition measures. A one-stage random-effects dose\u2013response meta-analysis was performed to examine the relationship between exercise duration and adaptations. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar; eligibility criteria for selecting studies were randomised controlled trials in humans, published in English and exercise interventions lasting at least 4\u00a0weeks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 69 randomised controlled trials (2387 participants). High-intensity interval training elicited greater improvements in VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      than MICT (d = 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.27\u20130.49,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). High-intensity interval training demonstrated a non-linear dose\u2013response relationship between exercise session duration and VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , with 80% of maximal effect (changes in VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.45\u00a0mL\/kg\/min) achieved with only ~11\u00a0min\/session (95% confidence interval 9.5\u201340.2). Moderate-intensity interval training showed a linear dose\u2013response relationship between exercise session duration and VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , requiring ~52\u00a0min\/session to achieve 80% of the\u00a0maximal observed\u00a0effect (95% confidence interval 30.4\u201355.8). The dose\u2013response relationship was consistent across populations. High-intensity interval training and MICT had comparable effects in improving cardiometabolic risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-intensity interval training demonstrated a non-linear dose response, with 80% of maximal effect on VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      in ~11\u00a0min\/session, whilst MICT required four to five times longer to reach similar responses. The different types of training had comparable effects on cardiometabolic risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02528-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:08:25Z","timestamp":1789211305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimising Exercise Prescription: A Meta-Analysis Examining the Dose Response of Exercise Duration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following HIIT and MICT"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Mattioni Maturana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4499-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Hidayah Asilah","family":"Zadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1671-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Cocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Nie\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7707-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dick H. 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Thijssen, Andreas M. Nie\u00df, Ellen Dawson and Felipe Mattioni Maturana have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the data related to the present article are presented in the tables and figures. Additional data can be provided upon reasonable request.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"FMM and NHAZ contributed equally to this work. FMM and NHAZ conceived and designed the study. NHAZ and EAD screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts and selected the studies for inclusion. FMM performed the statistical analyses and prepared the figures and tables. FMM and NHAZ wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MC, AMN, DHJT and EAD critically revised the manuscript and supervised the work. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}