{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:12:27Z","timestamp":1788549147988,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female athlete health encompasses multiple interconnected domains; however, the self-report screening tools used to assess these domains have not been comprehensively synthesised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically identify self-report health screening tools used to assess female athlete health, map domain coverage, determine validation reporting, and describe application across participation levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This systematic review was pre-registered with PROSPERO (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251056910\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">CRD420251056910<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) were searched from inception to January 2026 using female health and screening-related terms. Methodological quality was appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute and National Institutes of Health tools, and findings were synthesised descriptively. Eligible, peer-reviewed studies reported the use, development or validation of self-report health screening tools assessing one or more domains relevant to female health applied in female athlete populations, spanning recreational through elite participation levels. All sports and activities were included. The search was restricted to English language with no date limits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 360 studies (1990\u20132026) representing 134,506 female participants spanning recreational to elite sport and 273 screening tools were included. Mental health (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200977, 34.1%), disordered eating (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200933, 14.6%) and body image (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930, 13.3%) predominated. Domains related to female health, including menstrual health, pelvic floor health, pregnancy\/postpartum and breast health were comparatively underrepresented. Most\u00a0studies reported tools were used for risk identification (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009323,\u00a080.3%). Validation reporting was inconsistent, with half (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009180,\u00a050%) reporting use of at least one validated tool. Tool use was concentrated in professional and elite sport, with limited inclusion of recreational, masters and disability athlete cohorts. Health literacy constructs were explicitly\u00a0assessed in 12.5% of studies\u00a0(\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health screening in female athlete populations remains fragmented and uneven in domain coverage, with inconsistent validation reporting. Development of integrated, multi-domain and contextually inclusive screening frameworks is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02532-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:31:15Z","timestamp":1788546675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Report Health Screening Tools in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review of Domain Coverage, Validation, and Use Across Participation Levels"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1466-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Steele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1427-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0017-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Galan-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8483-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3498-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryna C. R.","family":"Chrismas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0224-x","volume":"5","author":"S Emmonds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emmonds S, Heyward O, Jones B. The challenge of applying and undertaking research in female sport. Sports Med Open. 2019;5(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-019-0224-x.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/19406940.2022.2090995","volume":"14","author":"R Eime","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eime R, Harvey J, Charity M, et al. Participation of Australian women and girls in traditionally male-dominated sports 2016-2018. Int J Sport Policy Polit. 2016;14(3):545\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19406940.2022.2090995.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Policy Polit"},{"key":"2532_CR3","unstructured":"McGuire C. Celebrating progress: women\u2019s representation in NCAA sports, leadership roles. 2025. https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/news\/2025\/3\/1\/media-center-celebrating-progress-womens-representation-in-ncaa-sports-leadership-roles."},{"key":"2532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655912","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1655912","volume":"7","author":"PM van Wyk","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Wyk PM, Seguin H, Dionigi RA, et al. Women participating in sport: tensions rising from negotiations of aging, gender norms, and personal responsibility for health in later life. Front Sports Act Living. 2025;7:1655912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2025.1655912.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"8","key":"2532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104755","volume":"56","author":"MH Davenport","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davenport MH, Nesdoly A, Ray L, et al. Pushing for change: a qualitative study of the experiences of elite athletes during pregnancy. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(8):452\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104755.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1123\/wspaj.2021-0028","volume":"29","author":"ES Cowley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cowley ES, Olenick AA, McNulty KL, et al. \u201cInvisible sportswomen\u201d: the sex data gap in sport and exercise science research. Women Sport Phys Act J. 2021;29(2):146\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/wspaj.2021-0028.","journal-title":"Women Sport Phys Act J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0257","volume":"32","author":"ES Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith ES, McKay AKA, Ackerman KE, et al. Methodology review: a protocol to audit the representation of female athletes in sports science and sports medicine research. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2022;32(2):114\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0257.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01458-1","volume":"51","author":"RK Randell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, et al. Physiological characteristics of female soccer players and health and performance considerations: a narrative review. Sports Med. 2021;51(7):1377\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01458-1.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106620","volume":"57","author":"IS Moore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore IS, Crossley KM, B\u00f8 K, et al. Female athlete health domains: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(18):1164\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106620.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.100981","volume":"14","author":"JM Schulz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schulz JM, Pohlod L, Myers S, et al. Are female athlete specific health considerations being assessed and addressed in preparticipation examinations? A scoping review and proposed framework. J Sport Health Sci. 2025;14:100981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.100981.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0928-y","volume":"48","author":"T Hughes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughes T, Sergeant JC, van der Windt DA, et al. Periodic health examination and injury prediction in professional football (soccer): theoretically, the prognosis is good. Sports Med. 2018;48(11):2443\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0928-y.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106548","volume":"58","author":"D Horan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horan D, Delahunt E, Roe M, et al. \u2018More than likely the men come first. That\u2019s just very frustrating\u2019. A qualitative exploration of contextual factors affecting the implementation of injury prevention initiatives and the provision of effective injury management in elite-level women\u2019s club. Br J Sports Med. 2024;58(2):89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106548.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.06.007","volume":"26","author":"K McGawley","year":"2023","unstructured":"McGawley K, Sargent D, Noordhof D, et al. Improving menstrual health literacy in sport. J Sci Med Sport. 2023;26(7):351\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.06.007.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120902908","volume":"8","author":"R Bahr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W, et al. International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports 2020 (including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(2):e2325967120902908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967120902908.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13011","volume":"16","author":"V Meidl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meidl V, Dallmann P, Leonhart R, et al. Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 for longitudinal mental health evaluation in elite Para athletes. PM R. 2023;16(2):141\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmrj.13011.","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00927-5","volume":"11","author":"SJ Fatt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fatt SJ, Hay P, George E, et al. A longitudinal investigation of performance and injury outcomes associated with disordered eating in elite athletes. Sports Med - Open. 2025;11:122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00927-5.","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"issue":"14","key":"2532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105985","volume":"57","author":"S Giagio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giagio S, Salvioli S, Innocenti T, et al. PFD-SENTINEL: development of a screening tool for pelvic floor dysfunction in female athletes through an international Delphi consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(14):899\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105985.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227275","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2023.2227275","volume":"39","author":"E Cassioli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cassioli E, Rossi E, Melani G, et al. The menstrual distress questionnaire (MEDI-Q): reliability and validity of the English version. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2023;39(1):2227275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09513590.2023.2227275.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106495","volume":"57","author":"T Anderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson T, Adams WM, Bartley JD, et al. Analysis of the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) in Team USA athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(18):1187\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106495.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2023.2290074","volume":"9","author":"R Anderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson R, Rollo I, Randell RK, et al. A formative investigation assessing menstrual health literacy in professional women\u2019s football. Sci Med Footb. 2023;9(1):12\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24733938.2023.2290074.","journal-title":"Sci Med Footb"},{"issue":"1","key":"2532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.126965","volume":"20","author":"BJ Hoogenboom","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoogenboom BJ, Capulong Z, Teeter M. Examination of the clinical utility of eating disorder and disordered eating screening tools in young athletes: a scoping review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2025;20(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.126965.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2532_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","volume":"17","author":"AKA McKay","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, et al. Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(2):317\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13858","volume":"31","author":"AG Ross","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ross AG, Donaldson A, Poulos RG. Nationwide sports injury prevention strategies: a scoping review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31(2):246\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13858.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"6","key":"2532_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12784","volume":"27","author":"A Oliveira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oliveira A, Monteiro A, Jacome C, et al. Effects of group sports on health-related physical fitness of overweight youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(6):604\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12784.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"6","key":"2532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9510-6","volume":"35","author":"N Geifman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geifman N, Cohen R, Rubin E. Redefining meaningful age groups in the context of disease. Age. 2013;35(6):2357\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-013-9510-6.","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"2532_CR27","unstructured":"JBI. Critical appraisal tools. https:\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools."},{"key":"2532_CR28","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH). Study quality assessment tools. 2021. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"issue":"12","key":"2532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003300","volume":"55","author":"SK Hunter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hunter SK, Angadi SS, Bhargava A, et al. The biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: consensus statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023;55(12):2328\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003300.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12010004","volume":"12","author":"K Vogel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vogel K, Larsen B, McLellan C, et al. Female athletes and the menstrual cycle in team sports: current state of play and considerations for future research. Sports (Basel). 2023;12(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports12010004.","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.46336\/ijhms.v3i2.212","volume":"3","author":"N Lianingsih","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lianingsih N, Irman D. Gender disparities in sport science: a research gap analysis of athletes. Int J Health Med Sports. 2025;3(2):54\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46336\/ijhms.v3i2.212.","journal-title":"Int J Health Med Sports"},{"issue":"7","key":"2532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093502","volume":"48","author":"M Mountjoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad\u2014Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):491\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093502.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","volume":"50","author":"AE Saw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB. Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):281\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13818","volume":"31","author":"N Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown N, Knight CJ, Forrest Nee Whyte LJ. Elite female athletes\u2019 experiences and perceptions of the menstrual cycle on training and sport performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31(1):52\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13818.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020150","volume":"21","author":"E Hayward","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hayward E, Akam L, Hunter D, et al. Role of the menstrual cycle on performance and injury risk: a survey of female professional rugby players in the United Kingdom. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(2):e150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21020150.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14070347","volume":"14","author":"HE Cabre","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cabre HE, Gould LM, Redman LM, et al. Effects of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use on metabolic outcomes, strength performance, and recovery: a narrative review. Metabolites. 2024;14(7):347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo14070347.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"7","key":"2532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02027-y","volume":"54","author":"K Bibby","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bibby K, Kenny IC, Cahalan R, et al. Contact breast injuries among female athletes: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2024;54(7):1921\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02027-y.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2532_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/00131644221111402","volume":"83","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhou L, Savalei V. Comparing the psychometric properties of a scale across three Likert and three alternative formats: an application to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Educ Psychol Meas. 2023;83(4):649\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00131644221111402.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"2532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grimes AC, Harrington (Quinn) N, Blauwet C, et al. Towards an evidence-informed future in injury prevention: a call to action for female, women and girls in para sport. Br J Sports Med. 2025;59(22):1534\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2025-111037","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-111037"},{"issue":"6","key":"2532_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001215","volume":"126","author":"ACOG","year":"2015","unstructured":"ACOG. Menstruation in girls and adolescents: Using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(6):e143\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001215.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/women3030033","volume":"3","author":"K Wieczorek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wieczorek K, Targonskaya A, Maslowski K. Reproductive hormones and female mental wellbeing. Women. 2023;3(3):432\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/women3030033.","journal-title":"Women"},{"issue":"3","key":"2532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000001045","volume":"22","author":"GM Donnelly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donnelly GM, Moore IS. Sports medicine and the pelvic floor. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2023;22(3):82\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JSR.0000000000001045.","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2532_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2024.06.025","volume":"75","author":"SM Kaja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaja SM, Lawrence SE, Simon KA, et al. Who plays and who doesn\u2019t? An intersectional examination of disparities in adolescent sport and physical activity lesson participation. J Adolesc Health. 2024;75(5):827\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2024.06.025.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2532_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.58408","volume":"24","author":"WL Macias-Konstantopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Macias-Konstantopoulos WL, Collins KA, Diaz R, et al. Race, healthcare, and health disparities: a critical review and recommendations for advancing health equity. West J Emerg Med. 2023;24(5):906\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5811\/westjem.58408.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241261679","volume":"12","author":"JH Sonnier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sonnier JH, Coladonato C, Khan IA, et al. Rates of reporting and analyzing race and ethnicity in athlete-specific sports medicine research: a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024;12(10):e23259671231261679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671241261679.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"2532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.101559","volume":"45","author":"M Robertson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robertson M, Hague C, Evans MB, et al. Do participant reporting practices in youth sport research adequately represent the diversity of sport contexts? Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019;45:101559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.101559.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2532_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2023.102504","volume":"69","author":"TE Dorsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dorsch TE, Blazo JA, Delli Paoli AG, et al. We know what we know, but from whom did we learn it? A sociodemographic history of participant characteristics and reporting practices in sport and exercise psychology. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2023;69:102504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2023.102504.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2532_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.12.012","volume":"48","author":"S McAuliffe","year":"2021","unstructured":"McAuliffe S, Korakakis V, Hilfiker R, et al. Participant characteristics are poorly reported in exercise trials in tendinopathy: a systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2021;48:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.12.012.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"2532_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.3.20","volume":"48","author":"JK Register-Mihalik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Register-Mihalik JK, Guskiewicz KM, McLeod TC, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: a preliminary study. J Athl Train. 2013;48(5):645\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-48.3.20.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2532_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1391597","volume":"12","author":"D Bu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bu D, Zhang C-Q, Liu J-D, et al. Mental health literacy, mental health experiences and help-seeking behaviours of Chinese elite athletes: a qualitative study. Front Public Health. 2024;12:e1391597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1391597.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02532-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02532-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02532-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:31:16Z","timestamp":1788546676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02532-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["2532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02532-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interests, personal relationships or beliefs that could be perceived to have influenced the work reported in this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data relevant to the study are included in the article and its supplementary information. No new datasets were generated or analysed for this systematic review beyond those derived from published studies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Materials","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve the development or use of custom code. All processes were conducted using established, commercially available software.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"C.S., L.T. and B.C. conceptualised the review. C.S. developed the methodology with L.T. and B.C. revising search terms and criteria. Screening was conducted by C.S., M.S. and N.G.L., and data extraction by C.S., M.S. and E.J. C.S. cleaned and analysed the data and wrote the initial manuscript. C.S. visualised the data. B.C. reviewed the initial manuscript. C.S., L.T. and B.C. critically revised the various manuscript drafts. M.S., N.G.L. and E.J. provided manuscript feedback. All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}