{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:25:32Z","timestamp":1792783532144,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federation University Australia","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbzwv83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human biological motion perception is important for enhancement of sport performance through anticipation of an opponent\u2019s action by a performer, as well as detection of injury-prone movement patterns by a coach for remediation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review investigated how biological motion perception, studied through point-light displays (PLDs), can be used for accelerating performance and injury prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PLD studies involving athletes, coaches and novices written in English were included. The PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Review Network guidelines were followed. Literature searches were conducted across five electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCOhost [PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL]). Study characteristics were collated and summarised to map the included literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1208 articles were reviewed, with 40 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The majority (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a030) focused on anticipation skill. Another subset of studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010) examined motor learning, demonstrating the efficacy of PLDs for skill acquisition across different sports. Four studies investigated neuroimaging revealing activation of motor-relevant brain regions when observing PLDs. The underpinning mechanism of visual perception in sport includes use of the kinematic movement pattern information, from localised limb segments or patterns of play, to perceive normal and deceptive actions in sport. Both perceptual and motor experience of the observer contributes to visual perception.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the value of PLDs as a method for accelerating anticipation skill and motor learning. Future research should investigate whether coaches and physical therapists can perceive biological motion from PLDs, and whether PLD training can improve detection of injury-prone movement patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02546-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:10:55Z","timestamp":1790964655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological Motion Perception for Accelerating Sport Performance and Injury Prevention: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Malan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derryn","family":"Pert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Brenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20201016-01","author":"A Gokeler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gokeler A, McKeon PO, Hoch MC. Shaping the functional task environment in sports injury rehabilitation: a framework to integrate perceptual-cognitive training in rehabilitation. Athl Train Sport Health Care. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/19425864-20201016-01.","journal-title":"Athl Train Sport Health Care"},{"key":"2546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1508506","author":"B Piggott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piggott B, M\u00fcller S, Chivers P, Papaluca C, Hoyne G. Is sports science answering the call for interdisciplinary research? A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2018.1508506.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.048","author":"Y Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zeng Y, Zhang L, Wang S, Wang D, Tan X, et al. The role of visual perception in action anticipation in basketball athletes. Neuroscience. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.048.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2546_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001727","author":"NJ Hodges","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodges NJ, Wyder-Hodge PA, Hetherington S, Baker J, Besler Z, Spering M. Topical review: perceptual-cognitive skills, methods, and skill-based comparisons in interceptive sports. Optom Vis Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0000000000001727.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.02.011","author":"H Bayne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bayne H, Elliott B, Campbell A, Alderson J. Lumbar load in adolescent fast bowlers: a prospective injury study. J Sci Med Sport. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.02.011.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212378","author":"G Johansson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Johansson G. Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Percept Psychophys. 1973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03212378.","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.112.4.585","author":"S Runeson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Runeson S, Frykholm G. Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational basis for person-and-action perception: expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intention. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.112.4.585.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"2546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.7.4.733","author":"S Runeson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Runeson S, Frykholm G. Visual perception of lifted weight. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.7.4.733.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"2546_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(01)80033-5","author":"WA Sparrow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sparrow WA, Shemmell J, Shinkfield AJ. Visual perception of action categories and the \u201cbowl-throw\u201d decision in cricket. J Sci Med Sport. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1440-2440(01)80033-5.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2546_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/jmbr.41.2.158-171","author":"R Huys","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huys R, Ca\u00f1al-Bruland R, Hagemann N, Beek PJ, Smeeton NJ, Williams AM. Global information pickup underpins anticipation of tennis shot direction. J Mot Behav. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/jmbr.41.2.158-171.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"2546_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026962","author":"GJ Diaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diaz GJ, Fajen BR, Phillips F. Anticipation from biological motion: the goalkeeper problem. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0026962.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"2546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.39.5.353-368","author":"B Abernethy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abernethy B, Zawi K. Pickup of essential kinematics underpins expert perception of movement patterns. J Mot Behav. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JMBR.39.5.353-368.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"2546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2006.10599367","author":"J Shim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shim J, Carlton LG, Kwon YH. Perception of kinematic characteristics of tennis strokes for anticipating stroke type and direction. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2006.10599367.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5340","author":"B Abernethy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abernethy B, Zawi K, Jackson RC. Expertise and attunement to kinematic constraints. Perception. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p5340.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2546_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2010.541466","author":"JS North","year":"2011","unstructured":"North JS, Ward P, Ericsson A, Williams AM. Mechanisms underlying skilled anticipation and recognition in a dynamic and temporally constrained domain. Memory. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2010.541466.","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2546_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1581","author":"JS North","year":"2009","unstructured":"North JS, Williams AM, Hodges N, Ward P, Ericsson KA. Perceiving patterns in dynamic action sequences: investigating the processes underpinning stimulus recognition and anticipation skill. Appl Cogn Psychol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.1581.","journal-title":"Appl Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"2546_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2036816","author":"V Francisco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Francisco V, Decatoire A, Bidet-Ildei C. Action observation and motor learning: the role of action observation in learning judo techniques. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2022.2036816.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.06.045","author":"MJ Wright","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wright MJ, Bishop DT, Jackson RC, Abernethy B. Cortical fMRI activation to opponents\u2019 body kinematics in sport-related anticipation: expert-novice differences with normal and point-light video. Neurosci Lett. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.06.045.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230027","author":"G Di Pellegrino","year":"1992","unstructured":"Di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res. 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00230027.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000208","author":"J Brenton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brenton J, M\u00fcller S, Dempsey A. Visual-perceptual training with acquisition of the observed motor pattern contributes to greater improvement of visual anticipation. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xap0000208.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"key":"2546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1167-7","author":"G Giblin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giblin G, Farrow D, Reid M, Ball K, Abernethy B. Does perceptual or motor experience influence the perception of global and joint-specific kinematic changes in complex movement patterns? Atten Percept Psychophys. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-016-1167-7.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00483","author":"Z Munn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Munn Z, Pollock D, Khalil H, Alexander L, McLnerney P, Godfrey CM, et al. What are scoping reviews? Providing a formal definition of scoping reviews as a type of evidence synthesis. JBI Evid Synth. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-21-00483.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"2546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2546_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p2872","author":"B Abernethy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abernethy B, Gill DP, Parks SL, Packer ST. Expertise and the perception of kinematic and situational probability information. Perception. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p2872.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.009","author":"M Bischoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bischoff M, Zentgraf K, Lorey B, Pilgramm S, Balser N, Baumgartner E, et al. Motor familiarity: brain activation when watching kinematic displays of one\u2019s own movements. Neuropsychologia. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.009.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2546_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.09.010","author":"M Bischoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bischoff M, Zentgraf K, Pilgramm S, Stark R, Kr\u00fcger B, Munzert J. Anticipating action effects recruits audiovisual movement representations in the ventral premotor cortex. Brain Cogn. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.09.010.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"2546_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000038","author":"R Ca\u00f1al-Bruland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1al-Bruland R, Williams AM. Recognizing and predicting movement effects identifying critical movement features. Exp Psychol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000038.","journal-title":"Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2546_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180985","author":"K Fukuhara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fukuhara K, Ida H, Ogata T, Ishii M, Higuchi T. The role of proximal body information on anticipatory judgment in tennis using graphical information richness. PLoS ONE. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0180985.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2546_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2011.525504","author":"T Hohmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hohmann T, Troje NF, Olmos A, Munzert J. The influence of motor expertise and motor experience on action and actor recognition. J Cogn Psychol. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20445911.2011.525504.","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"2546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-019-00597-y","author":"K Huesmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huesmann K, Loffing F. Contextual cue utilization in visual anticipation in tennis: on the role of an opponent\u2019s on-court position and skill. Ger J Exerc Sport Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12662-019-00597-y.","journal-title":"Ger J Exerc Sport Res"},{"key":"2546_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01883-5","author":"J Kurz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurz J, Helm F, Troje NF, Munzert J. Prediction of action outcome: effects of available information about body structure. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-019-01883-5.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2546_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p7035","author":"F Loffing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loffing F, Wilkes T, Hagemann N. Skill level and graphical detail shape perceptual judgments in tennis. Perception. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p7035.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2546_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.08.014","author":"F Loffing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loffing F, S\u00f6lter F, Hagemann N, Strauss B. On-court position and handedness in visual anticipation of stroke direction in tennis. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.08.014.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2546_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-013-0435-z","author":"S Mori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mori S, Shimada T. Expert anticipation from deceptive action. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-013-0435-z.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2016.06.013","author":"JS North","year":"2016","unstructured":"North JS, Hope E, Williams AM. The relative importance of different perceptual-cognitive skills during anticipation. Hum Mov Sci. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2016.06.013.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00963","author":"JS North","year":"2017","unstructured":"North JS, Hope E, Williams AM. Identifying the micro-relations underpinning familiarity detection in dynamic displays containing multiple objects. Front Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00963.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2546_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01343","author":"T Romeas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romeas T, Faubert J. Soccer athletes are superior to non-athletes at perceiving soccer-specific and non-sport specific human biological motion. Front Psychol. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01343.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2546_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/jmbr.37.2.164-175","author":"J Shim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shim J, Carlton LG, Chow JW, Chae WS. The use of anticipatory visual cues by highly skilled tennis players. J Mot Behav. 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/jmbr.37.2.164-175.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2546_CR39","first-page":"501","volume":"8","author":"N Vignais","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vignais N, Bideau B, Craig C, Brault S, Multon F, Delamarche P, et al. Does the level of graphical detail of a virtual handball thrower influence a goalkeeper\u2019s motor response? J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8(4):501\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"2546_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5310","author":"AM Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams AM, Hodges NJ, North JS, Barton G. Perceiving patterns of play in dynamic sport tasks: investigating the essential information underlying skilled performance. Perception. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p5310.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2546_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104290","author":"MJ Wright","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wright MJ, Jackson RC. Deceptive body movements reverse spatial cueing in soccer. PLoS ONE. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0104290.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2546_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00851","author":"MJ Wright","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wright MJ, Bishop DT, Jackson RC, Abernethy B. Brain regions concerned with the identification of deceptive soccer moves by higher-skilled and lower-skilled players. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00851.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2546_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.04.002","author":"G Breslin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Breslin G, Hodges NJ, Williams AM, Kremer J, Curran W. A comparison of intra- and inter-limb relative motion information in modelling a novel motor skill. Hum Mov Sci. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2006.04.002.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2009.10599586","author":"G Breslin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breslin G, Hodges NJ, Williams MA. Effect of information load and time on observational learning. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2009.10599586.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2546_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1621510","author":"J Brenton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brenton J, M\u00fcller S, Harbaugh AG. Visual-perceptual training with motor practice of the observed movement pattern improves anticipation in emerging expert cricket batsmen. J Sports Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2019.1621510.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600947074","author":"SJ Hayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayes SJ, Hodges NJ, Scott MA, Horn RR, Williams AM. The efficacy of demonstrations in teaching children an unfamiliar movement skill: the effects of object-orientated actions and point-light demonstrations. J Sports Sci. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410600947074.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102317284808","author":"RR Horn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horn RR, Williams AM, Scott MA. Learning from demonstrations: the role of visual search during observational learning from video and point-light models. J Sports Sci. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026404102317284808.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2546_CR48","first-page":"265","volume":"37","author":"RR Horn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Horn RR, Williams AM, Scott MA, Hodges NJ. Visual search and coordination changes in response to video and point-light demonstrations without KR. J Mot Behav. 2005;37(4):265\u201374.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"2546_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079811","author":"NJ Smeeton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smeeton NJ, Huys R, Jacobs DM. When less is more: reduced usefulness training for the learning of anticipation skill in tennis. PLoS ONE. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079811.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2546_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01735-7","author":"S M\u00fcller","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00fcller S, Dekker E, Morris-Binelli K, Piggott B, Hoyne G, Christensen W, et al. Attributes of expert anticipation should inform the design of virtual reality simulators to accelerate learning and transfer of skill. Sports Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01735-7.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2546_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-014-0659-5","author":"K Steel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steel K, Ellem E, Baxter D. The application of biological motion research: biometrics, sport, and the military. Psychon Bull Rev. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-014-0659-5.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2546_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193523","author":"NF Troje","year":"2005","unstructured":"Troje NF, Westhoff C, Lavrov M. Person identification from biological motion: effects of structural and kinematic cues. Percept Psychophys. 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193523.","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"2546_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1057","author":"MA Giese","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giese MA, Poggio T. Neural mechanisms for the recognition of biological movements. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1057.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2546_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190152","author":"R Blake","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blake R, Shiffrar M. Perception of human motion. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190152.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2546_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03010066231223825","author":"ER Hope","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hope ER, Patel K, Feist J, Runswick OR, North JS. Examining the importance of local and global patterns for familiarity detection in soccer action sequences. Perception. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03010066231223825.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2546_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2025.106121","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Wang Y, Lu Y, Luan M, Gao S, Li X, et al. Computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation superiority in experts: kinematic invariants mapping. Cognition. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2025.106121.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2546_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000355","author":"A Kal\u00e9n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kal\u00e9n A, Bisagno E, Musculus L, Raab M, P\u00e9rez-Ferreir\u00f3s A, Williams AM, et al. The role of domain-specific and domain-general cognitive functions and skills in sports performance: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000355.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2546_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02073-6","author":"S M\u00fcller","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00fcller S, Morris-Binelli K, Hambrick DZ, Macnamara BN. Accelerating visual anticipation in sport through temporal occlusion training: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02073-6.","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02546-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02546-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02546-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:01:56Z","timestamp":1791111716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02546-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["2546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02546-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JM, SM, DP, JB, MZ declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"JM, SM, DP, JB, MZ contributed to conceptualisation and the writing of the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of data and material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}