{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:06:42Z","timestamp":1787771202561,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Diagn Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-015-0134-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]],"date-time":"2015-03-23T12:28:12Z","timestamp":1427113692000},"page":"99-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association of BAFF \u2212871C\/T Promoter Polymorphism with Hepatitis C-Related Mixed Cryoglobulinemia in a Cohort of Egyptian Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mona Wagdy","family":"Ayad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany A.","family":"Elbanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia A.","family":"Elneily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany S.","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"134_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.247","volume":"76","author":"ED Charles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Charles ED, Dustin LB. Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia. Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):818\u201324.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"134_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.436","volume":"67","author":"GT Strickland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Strickland GT, Elhefni H, Salman T, Waked I, Abdel-Hamid M, Mikhail NN, et al. Role of hepatitis C infection in chronic liver disease in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67(4):436\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"134_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21173","volume":"43","author":"GT Strickland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strickland GT. Liver disease in Egypt: hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors. Hepatology. 2006;43(5):915\u201322.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-012-0825-6","volume":"7","author":"AL Zignego","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zignego AL, Gragnani L, Giannini C, Laffi G. The hepatitis C virus infection as a systemic disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7(3):201\u20138.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"134_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2001.00824.x","volume":"31","author":"F Dammacco","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dammacco F, Sansonno D, Piccoli C, et al. The cryoglobulins: an overview. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001;31:628\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"134_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2005.1.368","volume":"1","author":"E Morra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morra E. Cryoglobulinemia. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005;1:368\u201372.","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"134_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5858\/1999-123-0119-EOC","volume":"123","author":"U Kallemuchikkal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kallemuchikkal U, Gorevic PD. Evaluation of cryoglobulins. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123:119\u201325.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"134_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(66)90200-2","volume":"40","author":"M Meltzer","year":"1966","unstructured":"Meltzer M, Franklin EC, Elias K, McCluskey RT, Cooper N. Cryoglobulinemia\u2014a clinical and laboratory study. II. Cryoglobulins with rheumatoid factor activity. Am J Med. 1966;40(6):837\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"134_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2015.997214","volume":"11","author":"AL Zignego","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zignego AL, Gragnani L, Piluso A, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, Fallahi P, Antonelli A, Ferri C. Virus-driven autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation: the example of HCV infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11(1):15\u201331.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol."},{"key":"134_CR10","first-page":"2199","volume":"31","author":"D Sene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sene D, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Thibault V, et al. Long term course of mixed cryoglobulinemia in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:2199\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"134_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.08.005","volume":"36","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Robles A, Brito-Zer\u00f3n P, et al. Life-threatening cryoglobulinemia: clinical and immunological characterization of 29 cases. Semin Arthr Rheum. 2006;36:189\u201396.","journal-title":"Semin Arthr Rheum"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 32","key":"134_CR12","first-page":"78","volume":"21","author":"C Ferri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferri C, Giuggioli D, Cazzato M, Sebastiani M, Mascia MT, Zignego AL. HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: an update on its etiopathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21(6 Suppl 32):78\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"134_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310230","volume":"31","author":"AL Zignego","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zignego AL, Giannelli F, Marrocchi ME, Mazzocca A, Ferri C, Giannini C, Monti M, Caini P, Villa GL, Laffi G, Gentilini P. T(14;18) translocation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2000;31(2):474\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"134_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3429","volume":"170","author":"J Ni","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ni J, Hembrador E, Di Bisceglie AM, et al. Accumulation of B lymphocytes with a naive, resting phenotype in a subset of hepatitis C patients. J Immunol. 2003;170:3429\u201339.","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"134_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.11.1697","volume":"190","author":"F Mackay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mackay F, Woodcock SA, Lawton P, et al. Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations. J Exp Med. 1999;190:1697\u2013710.","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"134_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18025","volume":"112","author":"DT Avery","year":"2003","unstructured":"Avery DT, Kalled SL, Ellyard JI, et al. BAFF selectively enhances the survival of plasmablasts generated from human memory B cells. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:286\u201397.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"134_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00079-2","volume":"20","author":"R Lesley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lesley R, Xu Y, Kalled SL, et al. Reduced competitiveness of auto antigen engaged B\u00a0cells due to increased dependence on BAFF. Immunity. 2004;20:441\u201353.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"134_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.05.010","volume":"20","author":"M Thien","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thien M, Phan TG, Gardam S, et al. Excess BAFF rescues self-reactive B cells from peripheral deletion and allows them to enter forbidden follicular and marginal zone niches. Immunity. 2004;20:785\u201398.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"134_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1313::AID-ART223>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"44","author":"GS Cheema","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cheema GS, Roschke V, Hilbert DM, Stohl W. Elevated serum B lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with systemic immune-based rheumatic diseases. Arthr Rheum. 2001;44:1313\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthr Rheum."},{"key":"134_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1912","volume":"8","author":"M Ittah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ittah M, Miceli-Richard C, Eric Gottenberg J, et al. B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) is expressed under stimulation by interferon in salivary gland epithelial cells in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Arthr Res Ther. 2006;8:51.","journal-title":"Arthr Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"134_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-170613","volume":"112","author":"C Giannini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giannini C, Gragnani L, Piluso A, Caini P, Petrarca A, Monti M, Laffi G, Zignego AL. Can BAFF promoter polymorphism be a predisposing condition for HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia? Blood. 2008;112(10):4353\u20134.","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"134_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2009.009180","volume":"47","author":"R Sargur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sargur R, White P, Egner W. Cryoglobulin evaluation: best practice? Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47:8\u201316.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem."},{"issue":"5","key":"134_CR23","first-page":"557","volume":"61","author":"B Lissoir","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lissoir B, Wallemacq P, Maisin D. Serum protein electrophoresis: comparison of capillary zone electrophoresis Capillarys (Sebia) and agarose gel electrophoresis Hydrasys (Sebia). Ann Biol Clin. 2003;61(5):557\u201362.","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin."},{"key":"134_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.7938","volume":"24","author":"AJ Novak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Novak AJ, Grote DM, Ziesmer SC, Kline MP, Manske MK, Slager S, et al. Elevated serum B-lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with familial lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:983\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"47","key":"134_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8910","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i47.8910","volume":"19","author":"L Gragnani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gragnani L, Fognani E, Piluso A, Zignego AL. Hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: is genetics to blame? World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(47):8910\u20135.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"134_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02104-06","volume":"81","author":"G Bianchettin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bianchettin G, Bonaccini C, Oliva R, Tramontano A, Cividini A, Casato M, et al. Analysis of hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 sequence from cryoglobulinemic patients and associated controls. J Virol. 2007;81:4564\u201371.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"134_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.05.005","volume":"8","author":"S Vita De","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Vita S, Quartuccio L, Fabris M. Hepatitis C virus infection, mixed cryoglobulinemia and BLyS upregulation: targeting the infectious trigger, the autoimmune response, or both? Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8:95\u20139.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"134_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejr.2014.03.003","volume":"36","author":"AA Shahin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahin AA, Zayed HS, Elshazly MS. Evaluation of the liver condition in chronic hepatitis C virus patients with and without vasculitis. Egypt Rheumatol. 2014;36(4):187\u201393.","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol"},{"key":"134_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1998.00097.x","volume":"5","author":"C Donada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Donada C, Crucitti A, Donadon V, Tommasi L, Zanette G, Crovatto M, et al. Systemic manifestations and liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C and type II or III mixed cryoglobulinaemia. J Viral Hepat. 1998;5:179\u201385.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"134_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.35620","volume":"36","author":"Z Kayali","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kayali Z, Buckwold VE, Zimmerman B, Schmidt WN. Hepatitis C, cryoglobulinemia, and cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2002;36:978\u201385.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"134_CR31","first-page":"115","volume":"88","author":"G Monti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Monti G, Galli M, Invernizzi F, Pioltelli P, Saccardo F, Monteverde A, et al. Cryoglobulinaemias: a multi-centre study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease. GISC. Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias. QJM. 1995;88:115\u201326.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"134_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199910)42:10<2204::AID-ANR24>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"42","author":"P Cacoub","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P, Charlotte F, Olivi M, Piette JC, et al. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. Multivirc group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthr Rheum. 1999;42:2204\u201312.","journal-title":"Arthr Rheum"},{"key":"134_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-25","volume":"3","author":"C Ferri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferri C. Mixed cryoglobulinemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008;3:25.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"134_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21190","volume":"43","author":"D Saadoun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saadoun D, Asselah T, Resche-Rigon M, Charlotte F, Bedossa P, Valla D, et al. Cryoglobulinemia is associated with steatosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2006;43:1337\u201345.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"134_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.1.122","volume":"45","author":"P Cresta","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cresta P, Musset L, Cacoub P, Frangeul L, Vitour D, Poynard T, et al. Response to interferon alpha treatment and disappearance of cryoglobulinaemia in patients infected by hepatitis C virus. Gut. 1999;45:122\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"134_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199211193272104","volume":"327","author":"V Agnello","year":"1992","unstructured":"Agnello V, Chung RT, Kaplan LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1490\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"134_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30319","volume":"63","author":"B Terrier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terrier B, Semoun O, Saadoun D, S\u00e8ne D, Resche-Rigon M, Cacoub P. Prognostic factors in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and systemic vasculitis. Arthr Rheum. 2011;63:1748\u201375.","journal-title":"Arthr Rheum"},{"key":"134_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20381","volume":"63","author":"D Saadoun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saadoun D, Terrier B, Semoun O, Sene D, Maisonobe T, Musset L, et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa. Arthr Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:427\u201335.","journal-title":"Arthr Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"5","key":"134_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30274","volume":"63","author":"L Gragnani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gragnani L, Piluso A, Giannini C, Caini P, Fognani E, et al. Genetic determinants in hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia: role of polymorphic variants of BAFF promoter and Fc\u03b3 receptors. Arthr Rheum. 2011;63(5):1446\u201351.","journal-title":"Arthr Rheum"},{"key":"134_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214121","volume":"109","author":"J Groom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Groom J, Kalled SL, Cutler AH, Olson C, Woodcock SA, Schneider P, Tschopp J, Cachero TG, Batten M, Wheway J, Mauri D, Cavill D, Gordon TP, Mackay CR, Mackay F. Association of BAFF\/BLyS overexpression and altered B cell differentiation with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Investig. 2002;109:59\u201368.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"134_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-005-4091-5","volume":"25","author":"MV Jonsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jonsson MV, Szodoray P, Jellestad S, Jonsson R, Skarstein K. Association between circulating levels of the novel TNF family members APRIL and BAFF and lymphoid organization in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 2005;25:189\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"134_CR42","first-page":"2199","volume":"31","author":"D Sene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sene D, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Thibault V, Guis L, Musset L, Duhaut P, Poynard T, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Longterm course of mixed cryoglobulinemia in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(11):2199\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"134_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.07.005","volume":"27","author":"E Toubi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toubi E, Gordon S, Kessel A, et al. Elevated serum B-lymphocyte activating factor (BAFF) in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: association with autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2006;27:134\u20139.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"134_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel174","volume":"46","author":"M Fabris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fabris M, Quartuccio L, Sacco S, et al. B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) upregulation in mixed cryoglobulinaemia syndrome and hepatitis-C virus infection. Rheumatology. 2007;46:37\u201343.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"134_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01093.x","volume":"16","author":"G Tarantino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tarantino G, Marco VD, Petta A, et al. Serum BLyS\/BAFF predicts the outcome of acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(6):397\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.111","volume":"90","author":"FB Vincent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vincent FB, Morand EF, Mackay F. BAFF and innate immunity: new therapeutic targets for systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Cell Biol. 2012;90(3):293\u2013303.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Molecular Diagnosis &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40291-015-0134-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40291-015-0134-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40291-015-0134-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T23:53:38Z","timestamp":1717804418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40291-015-0134-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40291-015-0134-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1177-1062","1179-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1177-1062","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]}}}