{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T21:50:58Z","timestamp":1794088258335,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Diagn Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-024-00731-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T19:02:09Z","timestamp":1722884529000},"page":"537-574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callum","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Faghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Chidley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethan E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bewick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16307.1","volume":"5","author":"E Perego","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perego E, et al. Why the patient-made term \u201clong covid\u201d is needed. Wellcome Open Res. 2020;5:224.","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"731_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","volume":"38","author":"HE Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis HE, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;38: 101019.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"731_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2022.2063843","volume":"16","author":"MA Faghy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Faghy MA, et al. COVID-19 patients require multi-disciplinary rehabilitation approaches to address persisting symptom profiles and restore pre-COVID quality of life. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2022;16(5):595\u2013600.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"731_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.750378","volume":"8","author":"LD Hayes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayes LD, Ingram J, Sculthorpe NF. More than 100 persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (long COVID): a scoping review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8: 750378.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"731_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068481","volume":"13","author":"C Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas C, et al. Lived experience of patients with Long COVID: a qualitative study in the UK. BMJ Open. 2023;13(4): e068481.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"731_CR6","unstructured":"Wulf Hanson S et al. A global systematic analysis of the occurrence, severity, and recovery pattern of long COVID in 2020 and 2021. medRxiv. 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280343","volume":"18","author":"C Burton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burton C, et al. Within and between-day variation and associations of symptoms in long Covid: Intensive longitudinal study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(1): e0280343.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"731_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faghy MAO, Thomas R, Yates C, Ferraro J, Skipper FV, Barley McMullen L, Brown S, Arena DA, Ashton R, Ruth EM. Is long COVID the next global health crisis? J Glob Health. 2022.","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.03067"},{"issue":"12","key":"731_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac017","volume":"225","author":"Y Acosta-Ampudia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acosta-Ampudia Y, et al. Persistent autoimmune activation and proinflammatory state in post-coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome. J Infect Dis. 2022;225(12):2155\u201362.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"731_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048391","volume":"11","author":"A Dennis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dennis A, et al. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3): e048391.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"731_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.746021","volume":"12","author":"BK Patterson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patterson BK, et al. Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 protein in CD16+ monocytes in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) up to 15 months post-infection. Front Immunol. 2022;12: 746021.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","volume":"21","author":"HE Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis HE, et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:133.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"731_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182182","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1182182","volume":"14","author":"LMC Jacobs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacobs LMC, et al. Biomarkers of sustained systemic inflammation and microvascular dysfunction associated with post-COVID-19 condition symptoms at 24 months after SARS-CoV-2-infection. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1182182.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR14","unstructured":"Medori MCDK, Tezzele S, Micheletti C, Maltese PE, Cecchin S, Bonetti G, Fioretti F, Calzoni A, Praderio A, de Angelis MG, Arabia G, Donato K, Lorusso L, Manganotti P, Capelli E, Cristoni S, Nodari S, Bertelli M. Serum proteomic profiling reveals potential inflammatory biomarkers in long-COVID patients: a comparative analysis with healthy controls. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(6)."},{"key":"731_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Togt V, Rossman JS. Hypothesis: inflammatory acid-base disruption underpins long Covid. Front Immunol. 2023;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1150105"},{"key":"731_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swank Z et al. Persistent circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike is associated with post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Clin Infect Dis. 2022.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.06.14.22276401"},{"key":"731_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","volume":"134","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;134:178\u201389.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"731_CR18","unstructured":"WHO. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. 2021 22\/07\/2022]; https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1. Accessed  15 May 2024"},{"key":"731_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouzzani M et al. Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"731_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085988","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1085988","volume":"10","author":"YJ Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai YJ, et al. Biomarkers in long COVID-19: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1085988.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"16","key":"731_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji237","volume":"97","author":"LM McShane","year":"2005","unstructured":"McShane LM, et al. Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(16):1180\u20134.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"8","key":"731_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy088","volume":"110","author":"W Sauerbrei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sauerbrei W, et al. Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK): an abridged explanation and elaboration. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(8):803\u201311.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"731_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202226","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02226-2022","volume":"61","author":"NA Scott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scott NA, et al. Monocyte migration profiles define disease severity in acute COVID-19 and unique features of long COVID. Eur Respir J. 2023;61:2202226.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"731_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.700782","volume":"12","author":"BK Patterson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patterson BK, et al. Immune-based prediction of COVID-19 severity and chronicity decoded using machine learning. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 700782.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmasi JM et al. Neutrophil and monocyte extracellular traps in the diagnosis of post-COVID syndrome. Bull Russ State Med Univ. 2022;2022(6).","DOI":"10.24075\/brsmu.2022.057"},{"key":"731_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.676932","volume":"12","author":"L Townsend","year":"2021","unstructured":"Townsend L, et al. Longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 patients shows age-associated T cell changes independent of ongoing ill-health. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 676932.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112071","volume":"579","author":"TJ Wright","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wright TJ, et al. Low growth hormone secretion associated with post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) neurologic symptoms: a case-control pilot study. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024;579: 112071.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04149-9","volume":"21","author":"C Iosef","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iosef C, et al. Plasma proteome of long-COVID patients indicates HIF-mediated vasculo-proliferative disease with impact on brain and heart function. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):377.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"731_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E419","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021211162","volume":"301","author":"D Kravchenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kravchenko D, et al. Cardiac MRI in patients with prolonged cardiorespiratory symptoms after mild to moderate COVID-19. Radiology. 2021;301(3):E419\u201325.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40460-1","volume":"14","author":"DM Altmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Altmann DM, et al. Persistent symptoms after COVID-19 are not associated with differential SARS-CoV-2 antibody or T cell immunity. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):5139.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"731_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129288","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1129288","volume":"10","author":"M Augustin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Augustin M, et al. Immunological fingerprint in coronavirus disease-19 convalescents with and without post-COVID syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1129288.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"731_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254899","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1254899","volume":"14","author":"JC Berentschot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berentschot JC, et al. Immunological profiling in long COVID: overall low grade inflammation and T-lymphocyte senescence and increased monocyte activation correlating with increasing fatigue severity. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1254899.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"731_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28774","volume":"95","author":"SW Fong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fong SW, et al. Prolonged inflammation in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resolves 2 years after infection. J Med Virol. 2023;95(5): e28774.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002051","volume":"70","author":"P Glynne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Glynne P, et al. Long COVID following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines. J Investig Med. 2022;70(1):61\u20137.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"731_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196721","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1196721","volume":"14","author":"K Paniskaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paniskaki K, et al. Low avidity circulating SARS-CoV-2 reactive CD8+ T cells with proinflammatory TEMRA phenotype are associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1196721.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40012-7","volume":"14","author":"MC Woodruff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woodruff MC, et al. Chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, and autoreactivity splits long COVID. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):4201.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47539-1","volume":"13","author":"A Mahdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahdi A, et al. Dysregulations in hemostasis, metabolism, immune response, and angiogenesis in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome with and without postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a multi-omic profiling study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):20230.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"731_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102396","volume":"11","author":"J Alonso-Dominguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alonso-Dominguez J, et al. High levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and MIP-1alpha one month after the onset of the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, predictors of post COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Microorganisms. 2023;11(10):2396.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"731_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel MA et al. Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism. Mol Med. 2022;28(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00548-8"},{"issue":"24","key":"731_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17468","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417468","volume":"24","author":"N Garcia-Larragoiti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia-Larragoiti N, et al. Inflammatory and Prothrombotic biomarkers contribute to the persistence of sequelae in recovered COVID-19 patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(24):17468.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"731_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad395","volume":"229","author":"N Kanberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kanberg N, et al. COVID-19 recovery: consistent absence of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker abnormalities in patients with neurocognitive post-COVID complications. J Infect Dis. 2024;229(2):493\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"731_CR42","first-page":"749","volume":"12","author":"P Neves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neves P, et al. Imbalance of peripheral temperature, sympathovagal, and cytokine profile in long COVID. Biology (Basel). 2023;12(5):749.","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"731_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.028","volume":"116","author":"B Besteher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Besteher B, et al. Cortical thickness alterations and systemic inflammation define long-COVID patients with cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2024;116:175\u201384.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"731_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son K et al. Circulating anti-nuclear autoantibodies in COVID-19 survivors predict long-COVID symptoms. Eur Respir J. 2022.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00970-2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"731_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.1c00224","volume":"20","author":"E Holmes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holmes E, et al. Incomplete systemic recovery and metabolic phenoreversion in post-acute-phase nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients: implications for assessment of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2021;20(6):3315\u201329.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"731_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144224","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1144224","volume":"14","author":"G Berezhnoy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berezhnoy G, et al. Maintained imbalance of triglycerides, apolipoproteins, energy metabolites and cytokines in long-term COVID-19 syndrome patients. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1144224.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.981532","volume":"13","author":"FF Sotzny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sotzny FF, Salerno I, Kedor C, Freitag H, Wittke K, Bauer S, Sepulveda N, da Fonseca DLM, Baiocchi GC, Marques AHC, Kim M, Lange T, Placa DR, Luebber F, Paulus FM, De Vito R, Igor J, Schulze-Forster K, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Rust R, Hoppmann U, Shoenfeld Y, Riemekasten G, Heidecke H, Cabral-Marques O, Scheibenbogen C. Dysregulated autoantibodies targeting vaso- and immunoregulatory receptors in post COVID syndrome correlate with symptom severity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:5182.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020064","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1020064","volume":"13","author":"K Gimenez-Orenga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gimenez-Orenga K, et al. HERV-W ENV antigenemia and correlation of increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin levels with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1020064.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012455900-4\/50272-5","volume-title":"Measuring immunity","author":"CC Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu CC, Ahearn JM. Acute-phase proteins and inflammation: immunological and clinical implications. In: Measuring immunity. New York: Academic Press; 2005. p. 131\u201343."},{"key":"731_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104293","volume":"85","author":"G Captur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Captur G, et al. Plasma proteomic signature predicts who will get persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine. 2022;85:104293.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"731_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101254","volume":"4","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang K, et al. Sequential multi-omics analysis identifies clinical phenotypes and predictive biomarkers for long COVID. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4(11): 101254.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-023-09890-9","volume":"27","author":"A Philippe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Philippe A, et al. VEGF-A plasma levels are associated with impaired DLCO and radiological sequelae in long COVID patients. Angiogenesis. 2024;27(1):51\u201366.","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"731_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104552","volume":"91","author":"E Espin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Espin E, et al. Cellular and molecular biomarkers of long COVID: a scoping review. EBioMedicine. 2023;91: 104552.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"731_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montazersaheb S et al. COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions. Virol J. 2022;19(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01814-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03513-y","volume":"33","author":"R Owen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Owen R, et al. Long COVID quality of life and healthcare experiences in the UK: a mixed method online survey. Qual Life Res. 2024;33(1):133\u201343.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"731_CR56","first-page":"89","volume":"124","author":"J Kucharska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kucharska J, et al. Benefit of mountain spa rehabilitation and ubiquinol treatment in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2023;124(2):89\u201396.","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"issue":"3","key":"731_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.04.007","volume":"15","author":"AV Raveendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raveendran AV, Jayadevan R, Sashidharan S. Long COVID: an overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(3):869\u201375.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"731_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel MA et al. Organ and cell-specific biomarkers of long-COVID identified with targeted proteomics and machine learning. Mol Med. 2023;29(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00610-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"731_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00211-1","volume":"24","author":"MJ Peluso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peluso MJ, et al. Plasma-based antigen persistence in the post-acute phase of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(6):e345\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"731_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-280.e8.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"731_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.693938","volume":"12","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar A, et al. COVID-19 mechanisms in the human body\u2014what we know so far. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 693938.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"731_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169","volume":"12","author":"AD Proal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Proal AD, VanElzakker MB. Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Front Microbiol. 2021;12: 698169.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"731_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7979","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157979","volume":"22","author":"L Rochette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rochette L, Ghibu S. Mechanics insights of alpha-lipoic acid against cardiovascular diseases during COVID-19 infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):7979.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28364","volume":"95","author":"C Schultheiss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schultheiss C, et al. Liquid biomarkers of macrophage dysregulation and circulating spike protein illustrate the biological heterogeneity in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2023;95(1): e28364.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"731_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060763","volume":"10","author":"JE Gold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gold JE, et al. Investigation of long COVID prevalence and its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Pathogens. 2021;10(6):763.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"731_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221961","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1221961","volume":"14","author":"J Kervevan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kervevan J, et al. Divergent adaptive immune responses define two types of long COVID. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1221961.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"731_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11091274","volume":"11","author":"KM McDaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"McDaid KM, Chopra M. A pilot study to examine if dietary habits can affect symptomology in mild pre-vaccination COVID-19 cases. Biology. 2022;11(9):1274.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"731_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100122","volume":"6","author":"M Augustin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Augustin M, et al. Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Regn Health Europe. 2021;6: 100122.","journal-title":"Lancet Regn Health Europe"},{"issue":"7","key":"731_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01083-7","volume":"41","author":"J Garc\u00eda-Abell\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Abell\u00e1n J, et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with long-term clinical outcome in patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal study. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(7):1490\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"731_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091351","volume":"13","author":"AT Asimakos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asimakos AT, et al. Persistent endothelial lung damage and impaired diffusion capacity in long COVID. J Pers Med. 2023;13(9):1351.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"731_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.08.022","volume":"114","author":"BA Hanson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanson BA, et al. Plasma proteomics show altered inflammatory and mitochondrial proteins in patients with neurologic symptoms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;114:462\u201374.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"731_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haffke M et al. Endothelial dysfunction and altered endothelial biomarkers in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS). J Transl Med. 2022;20(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03346-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"731_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200031","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202200031","volume":"16","author":"J Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao J, et al. Plasma biomarkers for systemic inflammation in COVID-19 survivors. Proteom Clin Appl. 2022;16(5):2200031.","journal-title":"Proteom Clin Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"731_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20220016","volume":"479","author":"DB Kell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kell DB, Laubscher GJ, Pretorius E. A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID\/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications. Biochem J. 2022;479(4):537\u201359.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"731_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger A et al. Proteomics of fibrin amyloid microclots in long COVID\/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) shows many entrapped pro-inflammatory molecules that may also contribute to a failed fibrinolytic system. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01623-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01359-7","volume":"20","author":"E Pretorius","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pretorius E, et al. Persistent clotting protein pathology in long COVID\/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):172.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"9","key":"731_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090897","volume":"9","author":"N De Las Heras","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Las Heras N, et al. Implications of oxidative stress and potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction in COVID-19: therapeutic effects of vitamin D. Antioxidants. 2020;9(9):897.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"11","key":"731_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111026","volume":"12","author":"VP Guntur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guntur VP, et al. Signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired fatty acid metabolism in plasma of patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Metabolites. 2022;12(11):1026.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"731_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haran JP et al. Inflammation-type dysbiosis of the oral microbiome associates with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID. JCI Insight. 2021;6(20).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.152346"},{"issue":"1","key":"731_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/HNP.0000000000000566","volume":"37","author":"SM Ross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ross SM. Long COVID and mitochondrial dysfunction. Holist Nurs Pract. 2023;37(1):51\u20133.","journal-title":"Holist Nurs Pract"},{"key":"731_CR81","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"V Rossini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rossini V, et al. Gut microbiome and anti-viral immunity in COVID-19. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;64:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"731_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.017","volume":"55","author":"B Vijayakumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vijayakumar B, et al. Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals aberrant immune cell regulation in the airways of individuals with ongoing post-COVID-19 respiratory disease. Immunity. 2022;55(3):542-556.e5.","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Molecular Diagnosis &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40291-024-00731-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40291-024-00731-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40291-024-00731-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T10:03:53Z","timestamp":1724753033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40291-024-00731-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40291-024-00731-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1177-1062","1179-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1177-1062","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There was no external funding source for this study. We would like to extend our gratitude to all the authors who responded to our data requests and queries.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"No potential competing interest was reported by the authors, C.T., M.A.F., C.C., T.B., B.E.P. and R.E.A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent (participation and publication)"}},{"value":"C.T., M.A.F., C.C., R.E.A., and B.E.P. conceived the idea of the study. C.T. led the investigation, literature search, data extraction, formal analysis, visualisation, writing of the original draft and editing. M.A.F. contributed to study investigation, data extraction validation, formal analysis, visualisation and mentorship. C.C. and R.E.A. contributed to study investigation, formal analysis, visualisation and mentorship. All partners (C.T., M.A.F., C.C., T.B., B.E.P. and R.E.A.) contributed to the development of the submitted manuscript. All authors have read the journal\u2019s authorship agreement and approved the submitted manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions"}},{"value":"Anonymised data can be made available on request.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}