{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:07:47Z","timestamp":1788354467494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project","award":["T2025083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2025083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Diagn Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-025-00808-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T04:44:50Z","timestamp":1756961090000},"page":"789-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gastric Cancer Treatment New Chapter: Organoid Models Leading Personalized Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiLi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuerui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6116-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanming","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA A Cancer J Clinicians. 2024;74:229\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834.","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clinicians"},{"key":"808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13480","volume":"513","author":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network","year":"2014","unstructured":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature. 2014;513:202\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13480.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)31288-5","volume":"396","author":"EC Smyth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, Van Grieken NC, Lordick F. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2020;396:635\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)31288-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19965-6","author":"BK Sah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sah BK, Zhang B, Zhang H, Li J, Yuan F, Ma T, et al. Neoadjuvant FLOT versus SOX phase II randomized clinical trial for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Nat Commun. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-19965-6.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114751","volume":"163","author":"M Zu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zu M, Hao X, Ning J, Zhou X, Gong Y, Lang Y, et al. Patient-derived organoid culture of gastric cancer for disease modeling and drug sensitivity testing. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;163: 114751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114751.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.12.001","volume":"27","author":"N McGranahan","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGranahan N, Swanton C. Biological and therapeutic impact of intratumor heterogeneity in cancer evolution. Cancer Cell. 2015;27:15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.12.001.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66747","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19965","volume":"8","author":"NK Finnberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finnberg NK, Gokare P, Lev A, Grivennikov SI, MacFarlane AW, Campbell KS, et al. Application of 3D tumoroid systems to define immune and cytotoxic therapeutic responses based on tumoroid and tissue slice culture molecular signatures. Oncotarget. 2017;8:66747\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.19965.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0102-y","volume":"1","author":"Y-H Lo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lo Y-H, Karlsson K, Kuo CJ. Applications of organoids for cancer biology and precision medicine. Nat Cancer. 2020;1:761\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43018-020-0102-y.","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00662-2","volume":"28","author":"T Seidlitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seidlitz T, Koo B-K, Stange DE. Gastric organoids\u2014an in vitro model system for the study of gastric development and road to personalized medicine. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28:68\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-020-00662-2.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2018.09.002","volume":"5","author":"Y Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan Y, Zhao S, Cao Z. Organoid models of gastrointestinal neoplasms: origin, current status and future applications in personalized medicine. Genes Dis. 2018;5:323\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2018.09.002.","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1059579","author":"G Novelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Novelli G, Spitalieri P, Murdocca M, Centanini E, Sangiuolo F. Organoid factory: the recent role of the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in precision medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2022.1059579.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"808_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101650","volume":"5","author":"A Vistoso Monreal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vistoso Monreal A, Zhao H, Sedghizadeh PP, Lin D-C. Patient-derived tumor organoids to model drug response in gastric cancer. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5: 101650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101650.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118570","volume":"142","author":"M Huch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huch M, Koo BK. Modeling mouse and human development using organoid cultures. Development. 2015;142(18):3113\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.118570.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00804-4","volume":"20","author":"E Garreta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garreta E, Kamm RD, Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM, Lancaster MA, Weiss R, Trepat X, et al. Rethinking organoid technology through bioengineering. Nat Mater. 2021;20:145\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41563-020-00804-4.","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326560","volume":"71","author":"C G\u00fcnther","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther C, Winner B, Neurath MF, Stappenbeck TS. Organoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from experimental models to clinical translation. Gut. 2022;71:1892\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326560.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02521-4","author":"K Wuputra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wuputra K, Ku C-C, Kato K, Wu D-C, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Translational models of 3-D organoids and cancer stem cells in gastric cancer research. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13287-021-02521-4.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020184","volume":"11","author":"C-C Ku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ku C-C, Wuputra K, Pan J-B, Li C-P, Liu C-J, Liu Y-C, et al. Generation of human stomach cancer iPSC-derived organoids induced by Helicobacter pylori infection and their application to gastric cancer research. Cells. 2022;11:184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11020184.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.899831","author":"H Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhang M, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zuo Y, Xie Z, et al. Application of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models for investigating microrna regulation in developmental processes. Front Genet. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2022.899831.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104314","volume":"25","author":"T Koide","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koide T, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Uehara K, Kakeji Y, Aoi T. CDX2-induced intestinal metaplasia in human gastric organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. iScience. 2022;25: 104314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104314.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00654-3","volume":"53","author":"T Seidlitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seidlitz T, Stange DE. Gastrointestinal cancer organoids\u2014applications in basic and translational cancer research. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:1459\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-021-00654-3.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.10.010","volume":"29","author":"AK Eicher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eicher AK, Kechele DO, Sundaram N, Berns HM, Poling HM, Haines LE, et al. Functional human gastrointestinal organoids can be engineered from three primary germ layers derived separately from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2022;29:36-51.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2021.10.010.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.053","volume":"161","author":"M van de Wetering","year":"2015","unstructured":"van de Wetering M, Francies HE, Francis JM, Bounova G, Iorio F, Pronk A, et al. Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients. Cell. 2015;161:933\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.053.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.18489","author":"CS Verissimo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verissimo CS, Overmeer RM, Ponsioen B, Drost J, Mertens S, Verlaan-Klink I, et al. Targeting mutant RAS in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids by combinatorial drug screening. Elife. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.18489.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6662-8","volume":"25","author":"M Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao M, Lin M, Rao M, Thompson H, Hirai K, Choi M, et al. Development of patient-derived gastric cancer organoids from endoscopic biopsies and surgical tissues. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:2767\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-018-6662-8.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e220","author":"H Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song H, Park JY, Kim J-H, Shin T-S, Hong SA, Huda MN, et al. Establishment of patient-derived gastric cancer organoid model from tissue obtained by endoscopic biopsies. J Korean Med Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e220.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-019-03004-z","volume":"145","author":"J Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li J, Xu H, Zhang L, Song L, Feng D, Peng X, et al. Malignant ascites-derived organoid (MADO) cultures for gastric cancer in vitro modelling and drug screening. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019;145:2637\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-019-03004-z.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.09.016","volume":"23","author":"HHN Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan HHN, Siu HC, Law S, Ho SL, Yue SSK, Tsui WY, et al. A comprehensive human gastric cancer organoid biobank captures tumor subtype heterogeneity and enables therapeutic screening. Cell Stem Cell. 2018;23:882-897.e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2018.09.016.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05512-0","author":"R Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang R, Qi Y, Kwan W, Du Y, Yan R, Zang L, et al. Paired organoids from primary gastric cancer and lymphatic metastasis are useful for personalized medicine. J Transl Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-05512-0.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101627","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Li S, Zhu L, Huang M, Xie Y, Song X, et al. Personalized drug screening using patient-derived organoid and its clinical relevance in gastric cancer. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5: 101627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101627.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1588","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang T, Song W, Meng Q, Qu C, Guo S, Wang Y, et al. Tumorigenicity and prediction of clinical prognosis of patient-derived gastric cancer organoids. Clin Transl Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ctm2.1588.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2022.13567","author":"X Miao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miao X, Wang C, Chai C, Tang H, Hu J, Zhao Z, et al. Establishment of gastric cancer organoid and its application in individualized therapy. Oncol Lett. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ol.2022.13567.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-21-0683","volume":"12","author":"V Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar V, Ramnarayanan K, Sundar R, Padmanabhan N, Srivastava S, Koiwa M, et al. Single-cell atlas of lineage states, tumor microenvironment, and subtype-specific expression programs in gastric cancer. Cancer Discov. 2022;12:670\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-21-0683.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"3","key":"808_CR33","first-page":"964","volume":"13","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H, Qin Y, Jia M, Li L, Zhang W, Li L, Zhang Z, Liu Y. A gastric cancer patient-derived three-dimensional cell spheroid culture model. Am J Cancer Res. 2023;13(3):964\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006290","volume":"11","author":"L Magr\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Magr\u00e9 L, Verstegen MMA, Buschow S, van der Laan LJW, Peppelenbosch M, Desai J. Emerging organoid-immune co-culture models for cancer research: from oncoimmunology to personalized immunotherapies. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11(5): e006290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-006290.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"6444","key":"808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw6985","volume":"364","author":"D Uveson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uveson D, Clevers H. Cancer modeling meets human organoid technology. Science. 2019;364(6444):952\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaw6985.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"808_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.09.008","volume":"7","author":"NG Steele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steele NG, Chakrabarti J, Wang J, Biesiada J, Holokai L, Chang J, et al. An organoid-based preclinical model of human gastric cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;7:161\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.09.008.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"808_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01919-3","author":"T Schm\u00e4che","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schm\u00e4che T, Fohgrub J, Klimova A, Laaber K, Drukewitz S, Merboth F, et al. Stratifying esophago-gastric cancer treatment using a patient-derived organoid-based threshold. Mol Cancer. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-023-01919-3.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"808_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314549","volume":"68","author":"T Seidlitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seidlitz T, Merker SR, Rothe A, Zakrzewski F, Von Neubeck C, Gr\u00fctzmann K, et al. Human gastric cancer modelling using organoids. Gut. 2019;68:207\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314549.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"808_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-022-05568-7","volume":"27","author":"C Yoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoon C, Lu J, Kim B-J, Cho S-J, Kim JH, Moy RH, et al. Patient-derived organoids from locally advanced gastric adenocarcinomas can predict resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2023;27:666\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11605-022-05568-7.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"808_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-021-01206-4","volume":"24","author":"K Harada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harada K, Sakamoto N, Ukai S, Yamamoto Y, Pham QT, Taniyama D, et al. Establishment of oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer organoids: importance of myoferlin in the acquisition of oxaliplatin resistance. Gastric Cancer. 2021;24:1264\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10120-021-01206-4.","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"808_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217617","volume":"619","author":"D Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang D, Zhang X, Hu Z, Sun Q, Fu H, Yao J, et al. Organoid-based single cell sequencing revealed the lineage evolution during docetaxel treatment in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 2025;619: 217617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217617.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"808_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14153","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.ra120.014887","volume":"295","author":"KL Alexander","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexander KL, Serrano CA, Chakraborty A, Nearing M, Council LN, Riquelme A, et al. Modulation of glycosyltransferase ST6Gal-I in gastric cancer-derived organoids disrupts homeostatic epithelial cell turnover. J Biol Chem. 2020;295:14153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.ra120.014887.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"808_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S237431","volume":"13","author":"X Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao X, Chen W, Wei Z-W, Chu W-W, Lu X-F, Li B, et al. The anti-tumor effect of nab-paclitaxel proven by patient-derived organoids. OTT. 2020;13:6017\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S237431.","journal-title":"OTT"},{"key":"808_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00803-7","author":"G Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li G, Ma S, Wu Q, Kong D, Yang Z, Gu Z, et al. Establishment of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma organoid for the therapeutic drug testing. Cell Death Discov. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-021-00803-7.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"808_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7963","volume":"37","author":"X Hao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao X, Zu M, Ning J, Zhou X, Gong Y, Han X, et al. Antitumor effect of luteolin proven by patient-derived organoids of gastric cancer. Phytother Res. 2023;37:5315\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.7963.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"808_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114098","volume":"158","author":"C Chai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chai C, Ji P, Xu H, Tang H, Wang Z, Zhang H, et al. Targeting cancer drug resistance utilizing organoid technology. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158: 114098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114098.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"808_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01492-9","volume":"39","author":"S Ukai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ukai S, Honma R, Sakamoto N, Yamamoto Y, Pham QT, Harada K, et al. Molecular biological analysis of 5-FU-resistant gastric cancer organoids; KHDRBS3 contributes to the attainment of features of cancer stem cell. Oncogene. 2020;39:7265\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-020-01492-9.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"808_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.40744","volume":"11","author":"W Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu W, Yang Z, Xiao X, An T, Li B, Ouyang J, et al. A thioredoxin reductase inhibitor ethaselen induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in gastric cancer. J Cancer. 2020;11:3013\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/jca.40744.","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"808_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322658","volume":"70","author":"EC Smyth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smyth EC, Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Harbery A, Hulkki-Wilson S, Salati M, et al. EGFR amplification and outcome in a randomised phase III trial of chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus panitumumab for advanced gastro-oesophageal cancers. Gut. 2021;70:1632\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322658.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"17","key":"808_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01757-x","volume":"40","author":"T Tsuji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsuji T, Maeda Y, Kita K, Murakami K, Saya H, Takemura H, Inaki N, Oshima M, Oshima H. FOXO3 is a latent tumor suppressor for FOXO3-positive and cytoplasmic-type gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 2021;40(17):3072\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-021-01757-x.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"808_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61121-X","volume":"376","author":"Y-J Bang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bang Y-J, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung HC, Shen L, Sawaki A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:687\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61121-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"808_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-3528","author":"SH Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim SH, An M, Lee H, Heo YJ, Min B-H, Mehta A, et al. Determinants of response to sequential pembrolizumab with trastuzumab plus platinum\/5-FU in HER2-positive gastric cancer: a phase II chemoimmunotherapy trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-3528.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"808_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70096-2","volume":"14","author":"T Waddell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waddell T, Chau I, Cunningham D, Gonzalez D, Okines AFC, Wotherspoon A, et al. Epirubicin, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine with or without panitumumab for patients with previously untreated advanced oesophagogastric cancer (REAL3): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:481\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70096-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"808_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.06.010","volume":"41","author":"K Yuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuki K, Cheng N, Nakano M, Kuo CJ. Organoid models of tumor immunology. Trends Immunol. 2020;41:652\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2020.06.010.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"808_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chakrabarti J, Koh V, So JBY, Yong WP, Zavros Y. A preclinical human-derived autologous gastric cancer organoid\/immune cell co-culture model to predict the efficacy of targeted therapies. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/61443.","DOI":"10.3791\/61443"},{"key":"808_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.009","volume":"174","author":"KK Dijkstra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dijkstra KK, Cattaneo CM, Weeber F, Chalabi M, Van De Haar J, Fanchi LF, et al. Generation of tumor-reactive T cells by co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor organoids. Cell. 2018;174:1586-1598.e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.009.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"808_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02328-4","author":"L Kan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kan L, Yu Y, Wang Y, Shi L, Fan T, Chen H, et al. The application of organoids in investigating immune evasion in the microenvironment of gastric cancer and screening novel drug candidates. Mol Cancer. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-025-02328-4.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"808_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02519-7","author":"S Schuth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schuth S, Le Blanc S, Krieger TG, Jabs J, Schenk M, Giese NA, et al. Patient-specific modeling of stroma-mediated chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer using a three-dimensional organoid-fibroblast co-culture system. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13046-022-02519-7.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"808_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6158","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246158","volume":"13","author":"J Chakrabarti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakrabarti J, Koh V, Steele N, Hawkins J, Ito Y, Merchant JL, et al. Disruption of Her2-induced PD-L1 inhibits tumor cell immune evasion in patient-derived gastric cancer organoids. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:6158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13246158.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"808_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.06.007","volume":"518","author":"V Koh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koh V, Chakrabarti J, Torvund M, Steele N, Hawkins JA, Ito Y, et al. Hedgehog transcriptional effector GLI mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer organoids. Cancer Lett. 2021;518:59\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.06.007.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"808_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01242-2","author":"M Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu M, Huang Q, Xie Y, Wu X, Ma H, Zhang Y, et al. Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation. J Hematol Oncol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-022-01242-2.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"808_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.707891","volume":"12","author":"MD Cherne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cherne MD, Sidar B, Sebrell TA, Sanchez HS, Heaton K, Kassama FJ, Roe MM, Gentry AB, Chang CB, Walk ST, Jutila M, Wilking JN, Bimczok D. A synthetic hydrogel, VitroGel\u00ae ORGANOID-3, improves immune cell-epithelial interactions in a tissue chip co-culture model of human gastric organoids and dendritic cells. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12: 707891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.707891.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"808_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.01.043","volume":"108","author":"I Goux Corredera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goux Corredera I, Amato G, Moya-Rull D, Garreta E, Montserrat N. Unlocking the full potential of human pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived kidney organoids through bioengineering. Kidney Int. 2025;108:38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2025.01.043.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"808_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.04.022","volume":"28","author":"H Hao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao H, Xue Y, Wu Y, Wang C, Chen Y, Wang X, et al. A paradigm for high-throughput screening of cell-selective surfaces coupling orthogonal gradients and machine learning-based cell recognition. Bioact Mater. 2023;28:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.04.022.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"808_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202102703","author":"A Suwardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suwardi A, Wang F, Xue K, Han M, Teo P, Wang P, et al. Machine learning-driven biomaterials evolution. Adv Mater. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202102703.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"808_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28775","volume":"36","author":"H Renner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Renner H, Sch\u00f6ler HR, Bruder JM. Combining automated organoid workflows with artificial intelligence-based analyses: opportunities to build a new generation of interdisciplinary high-throughput screens for Parkinson\u2019s disease and beyond. Mov Disord. 2021;36:2745\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28775.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"808_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.09.005","volume":"31","author":"L Bai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bai L, Wu Y, Li G, Zhang W, Zhang H, Su J. Ai-enabled organoids: construction, analysis, and application. Bioact Mater. 2024;31:525\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.09.005.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"808_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.22.017","volume":"42","author":"K Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park K, Lee JY, Lee SY, Jeong I, Park S-Y, Kim JW, et al. Deep learning predicts the differentiation of kidney organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2023;42:75\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23876\/j.krcp.22.017.","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"808_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0305-x","author":"N Phan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phan N, Hong JJ, Tofig B, Mapua M, Elashoff D, Moatamed NA, et al. A simple high-throughput approach identifies actionable drug sensitivities in patient-derived tumor organoids. Commun Biol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-019-0305-x.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"808_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01431-8","author":"J Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou J, Wang S, Chai N, Yue H, Ye P, Guo P, et al. Construction of gastric cancer patient-derived organoids and their utilization in a comparative study of clinically used paclitaxel nanoformulations. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-022-01431-8.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"808_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00767-7","volume":"18","author":"TD Horvath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Horvath TD, Haidacher SJ, Engevik MA, Luck B, Ruan W, Ihekweazu F, et al. Interrogation of the mammalian gut\u2013brain axis using LC\u2013MS\/MS-based targeted metabolomics with in vitro bacterial and organoid cultures and in vivo gnotobiotic mouse models. Nat Protoc. 2023;18:490\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-022-00767-7.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"808_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.05.004","volume":"6","author":"IA Williamson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williamson IA, Arnold JW, Samsa LA, Gaynor L, DiSalvo M, Cocchiaro JL, et al. A high-throughput organoid microinjection platform to study gastrointestinal microbiota and luminal physiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;6:301\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.05.004.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"808_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0386-0","volume":"52","author":"S Min","year":"2020","unstructured":"Min S, Kim S, Cho S-W. Gastrointestinal tract modeling using organoids engineered with cellular and microbiota niches. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52:227\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0386-0.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"808_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2022.01.006","volume":"40","author":"P Kakni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kakni P, Truckenm\u00fcller R, Habibovi\u0107 P, Giselbrecht S. Challenges to, and prospects for, reverse engineering the gastrointestinal tract using organoids. Trends Biotechnol. 2022;40:932\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2022.01.006.","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"808_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.027","volume":"174","author":"K Nanki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nanki K, Toshimitsu K, Takano A, Fujii M, Shimokawa M, Ohta Y, et al. Divergent routes toward Wnt and R-spondin niche independency during human gastric carcinogenesis. Cell. 2018;174:856-869.e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.027.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"808_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0832-4","volume":"12","author":"H Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan H, Demirci U, Chen P. Emerging organoid models: leaping forward in cancer research. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1): 142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-019-0832-4.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"808_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03437-0","author":"P Navarro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Navarro P, Grazioso TP, Barqu\u00edn A, Barba M, Yag\u00fce M, Mill\u00e1n C, et al. Multicenter study correlating molecular characteristics and clinical outcomes of cancer cases with patient-derived organoids. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13046-025-03437-0.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"808_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0248-y","volume":"20","author":"YE Bar-Ephraim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bar-Ephraim YE, Kretzschmar K, Clevers H. Organoids in immunological research. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(5):279\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-019-0248-y.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"808_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang K-L, Wang X-X, Liu X-J, Guo L-K, Chen Y-Q, Jia Q-L, et al. Success rate of current human-derived gastric cancer organoids establishment and influencing factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i4.1626.","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i4.1626"},{"key":"808_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shirure VS, Bi Y, Curtis MB, Lezia A, Goedegebuure MM, Goedegebuure SP, et al. Tumor-on-a-chip platform to investigate progression and drug sensitivity in cell lines and patient-derived organoids. Lab on a Chip. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c8lc00596f.","DOI":"10.1039\/c8lc00596f"},{"key":"808_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jabs J, Zickgraf FM, Park J, Wagner S, Jiang X, Jechow K, et al. Screening drug effects in patient-derived cancer cells links organoid responses to genome alterations. Mol Syst Biol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/msb.20177697.","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20177697"},{"issue":"12","key":"808_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-4026","volume":"81","author":"M Gr\u00f6nholm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nholm M, Feodoroff M, Antignani G, Martins B, Hamdan F, Cerullo V. Patient-derived organoids for precision cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 2021;81(12):3149\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-4026.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"808_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2020.11.009","volume":"232","author":"M Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao M, Harper MM, Lin M, Qasem SA, Patel RA, Mardini SH, Gabr MM, Cavnar MJ, Pandalai PK, Kim J. Development of a single-cell technique to increase yield and use of gastrointestinal cancer organoids for personalized medicine application. J Am Coll Surg. 2021;232(4):504\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2020.11.009. (Epub 2020 Nov 27).","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"}],"container-title":["Molecular Diagnosis &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40291-025-00808-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40291-025-00808-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40291-025-00808-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T21:52:59Z","timestamp":1761947579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40291-025-00808-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40291-025-00808-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1177-1062","1179-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1177-1062","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was funded by the Hebei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project (No.T2025083)\u00a0and\u00a0Tianjin Key Research Projects in Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2025011).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors (Yuan Meng, LiLi Zhang, Jie Yang, Xuerui Wang, Meiying Zhu, and Fanming Kong) have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"All relevant data are within the paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability Statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}}]}}