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Gordon, Mario A. Jiz, Eleonor Avenido-Cervantes, Marianette Inobaya, Marcello Otake Sato, Megumi Sato, Yasuhito Sako, Darren J. Gray, Mary Lorraine Mationg, Yi Mu and Pengfei Cai have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human ethics for this work was approved from the QIMR Berghofer Human Ethics Committees (P3797 and P3700), and the Institutional Review Board of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (ID No. 2022\u201316), in Muntinlupa, the Philippines. The research was carried out in compliance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (July 2018).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from all participants (for individuals aged 12 years or younger, written consent was obtained from their legal guardians).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and supplementary data.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"CAG and PC formulated the research aims and prepared the study protocol. CAG and PC supervised the research. CAG, MAJ, EA, MI and PC provided study materials. EJT, CAG, MAJ, EA, MI, MOS, MS, YS, DJG, MLM, YM and PC developed the methodology, and collected and analysed the data. PC drafted the original manuscript. EJT, CAG, MAJ, EA, MI, MOS, MS, YS, DJG, MLM, YM and PC critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. The authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We acknowledge the use of ChatGPT (OpenAI, GPT-5.6 Luna) to improve the grammar, clarity and readability of this work.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","label":"AI Use Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work was supported by an e-ASIA Joint Research Program with grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP2008433), the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (Grant No. FP 220025) and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (Grant No. JP21jm0210091). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}