{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T01:24:08Z","timestamp":1768785848024,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Viatris"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-025-00737-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:19:49Z","timestamp":1757506789000},"page":"511-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blood Pressure Variability (BPV): What Clinicians Need to Know a 2025 Expert Consensus Report Endorsed by the Egyptian Society of Cardiology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Nabil","family":"Farag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bendary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Shawky","family":"Elserafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Tageldien","family":"Abdellah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassem","family":"Zarif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled Y.","family":"Elnady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Seleem","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameh","family":"Elkaffas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Tadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameh","family":"Nessim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameh M.","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","volume":"45","author":"JW McEvoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al. 2024 Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:3912\u20134018.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.05.033","volume":"126","author":"R Kreutz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreutz R, Brunstr\u00f6m M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, Muiesan ML, et al. 2024 European Society of Hypertension clinical practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur J Intern Med. 2024;126:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328322cd62","volume":"27","author":"E Dolan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dolan E, Stanton AV, Thom S, Caulfield M, Atkins N, McInnes G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring predicts cardiovascular events in treated hypertensive patients\u2014an Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial substudy. J Hypertens. 2009;27:876\u201385.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70066-1","volume":"9","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O\u2019Brien E, Dobson J, Dahl\u00f6f B, et al. Effects of \u03b2 blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:469.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60308-X","volume":"375","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O\u2019Brien E, Dobson JE, Dahl\u00f6f B, et al. Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet. 2010;375:895\u2013905.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu104","volume":"28","author":"JP Sheppard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sheppard JP, Hodgkinson J, Riley R, Martin U, Bayliss SMR. Prognostic significance of the morning blood pressure surge in clinical practice: a systematic review. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:30\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.126","volume":"39","author":"JM Madden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madden JM, O\u2019Flynn AM, Fitzgerald AP, Kearney PM. Correlation between short-term blood pressure variability and left-ventricular mass index: a meta-analysis. Hypertens Res. 2016;39:171\u20137.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"737_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13107","volume":"19","author":"AKM Hassan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassan AKM, Abd El Rahman H, Mohsen K, Dimitry SR. Impact of in-hospital blood pressure variability on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:1252\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000383","volume":"24","author":"HMA Farrag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farrag HMA, Amin AS. Relation of short-term blood pressure variability to early renal effects in hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure. Blood Press Monit. 2019;24:221\u20134.","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-021-00232-y","volume":"74","author":"A Alaarag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alaarag A, Abdelkalel H, Amin O. The blood pressure variability in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Egypt Heart J. 2022;74:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2015.02.003","volume":"68","author":"AEDR Abdel-Rheim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdel-Rheim AEDR, Amin AS, Ali HM, Hassan HM. Left ventricular hypertrophy in controlled hypertension: Is blood pressure variability blamed? Egypt Heart J. 2016;68:59\u201363.","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy131","volume":"31","author":"Y Tabara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tabara Y, Matsumoto T, Murase K, Setoh K, Kawaguchi T, Nagashima S, et al. Day-to-day home blood pressure variability and orthostatic hypotension: the Nagahama study. Am J Hypertens. 2018;31(12):1278\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126375","volume":"10","author":"KS Taylor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taylor KS, Heneghan CJ, Stevens RJ, Adams EC, Nunan D, Ward A. Heterogeneity of prognostic studies of 24-hour blood pressure variability: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:1\u201318.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"737_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444392029","volume-title":"The Delphi technique in nursing and health research","author":"S Keeney","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keeney S, McKenna HP, Hasson F. The Delphi technique in nursing and health research. Hoboken: Wiley; 2011."},{"key":"737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003363","volume":"41","author":"G Parati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parati G, Bilo G, Kollias A, Pengo M, Ochoa JE, Castiglioni P, et al. Blood pressure variability: methodological aspects, clinical relevance and practical indications for management\u2014a European Society of Hypertension position paper \u2217. J Hypertens. 2023;41:527\u201344.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002922","volume":"39","author":"G Parati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parati G, Stergiou GS, Bilo G, Kollias A, Pengo M, Ochoa JE, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2021;39:1742\u201367.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-019-0286-8","volume":"34","author":"M El Mokadem","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Mokadem M, Boshra H, Abd El Hady Y, Kasla AGA. Correlation between blood pressure variability and subclinical target organ damage in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;34:641\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14048","volume":"22","author":"HM Warda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warda HM, Elshorbagy AK, Habib A, Wagdi A, Mihailidou AS, Warda M. Blood pressure measurement protocol determines hypertension phenotypes in a Middle Eastern population. J Clin Hypertens. 2020;22:1995\u20132003.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002399","volume":"38","author":"P Palatini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palatini P, Asmar R, O\u2019Brien E, Padwal R, Parati G, Sarkis J, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in large arms in research and clinical practice: position paper of the European society of hypertension working group on blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular variability. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1244\u201350.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002341","volume":"38","author":"GS Stergiou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Modesti PA, Asayama K, Asmar R, Bilo G, et al. Seasonal variation in blood pressure: evidence, consensus and recommendations for clinical practice. Consensus statement by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1235.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000414","volume":"25","author":"SHCY Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park SHCY. Measurement reliability of automated oscillometric blood pressure monitor in the elderly with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Press Monit. 2020;25:2\u201312.","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"737_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002201","volume":"37","author":"GS Stergiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stergiou GS, Kyriakoulis KG, Stambolliu E, Destounis A, Karpettas N, Kalogeropoulos P, et al. Blood pressure measurement in atrial fibrillation: review and meta-analysis of evidence on accuracy and clinical relevance. J Hypertens. 2019;37:2430\u201341.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"10","key":"737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006895","volume":"6","author":"LJ Mena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mena LJ, Felix VG, Melgarejo JD, Maestre GE. 24-hour blood pressure variability assessed by average real variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-08001-6","volume":"38","author":"L Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang L, Li J, Wei W, Pu Y, Zhang L, Cui T, et al. Blood pressure variability and the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38:1272\u201381.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12484","volume":"17","author":"C Tai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tai C, Sun Y, Dai N, Xu D, Chen W, Wang J, et al. Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variability: a meta-analysis of 77,299 patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2015;17:107\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.02.004","volume":"8","author":"J-G Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang J-G, Yan P, Jeffers BW. Effects of amlodipine and other classes of antihypertensive drugs on long-term blood pressure variability: evidence from randomized controlled trials. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8:340\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140798","volume":"55","author":"TW Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hansen TW, Thijs L, Li Y, Boggia J, Kikuya M, Bj\u00f6rklund-Bodeg\u00e5rd K, et al. Prognostic value of reading-to-reading blood pressure variability over 24 hours in 8938 subjects from 11 populations. Hypertension. 2010;55:1049\u201357.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpt142","volume":"27","author":"SM Tikhonoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tikhonoff SM, Edoardo C, Yuri N, Lars L, Edgardo S, Kalina K-J, Jan F, Yutaka L, Jiguang W, Eoin O\u2019Brien JAS. The International database on ambulatory blood pressure in relation to cardiovascular outcomes (IDACO) investigators, How many measurements are needed to estimate blood pressure variability without loss of prognostic information? Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:46\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33264","volume":"10","author":"B Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao B, Jia W, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Gao Y, Yang B, et al. Impact of blood pressure variability and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10:e33264.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"737_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12054-w","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ma Y, Qin J, Wei X, Yang Y, Yuan Y, et al. Blood pressure variability predicts poor outcomes in acute stroke patients without thrombolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-12054-w.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"737_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1159\/000511295","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Yang L, Yu S, Salerno S, Li Y, Cui T, et al. Blood pressure variability and prognosis in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Dis. 2021;7:411\u201324.","journal-title":"Kidney Dis"},{"key":"737_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319872572","volume":"27","author":"G Bilo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bilo G, Dolan E, O\u2019Brien E, Facchetti R, Soranna D, Zambon A, et al. The impact of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability on mortality is age dependent: data from the Dublin Outcome Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27:355\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"737_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","volume":"75","author":"T Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75:1334\u201357.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002355","volume":"38","author":"A Kollias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kollias A, Kyriakoulis KG, Stambolliu E, Ntineri A, Anagnostopoulos ISG. Seasonal blood pressure variation assessed by different measurement methods: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2020;38:791\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-2100-9","volume":"39","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Li M, Xie S-H, Oyang Y-T, Yin M, Bao B, et al. Visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variability and stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Sci. 2019;39:741\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"737_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67185-1","volume":"366","author":"B Dahl\u00f6f","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dahl\u00f6f B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-B. Lancet. 2005;366:895\u2013906.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"737_CR37","unstructured":"Gupta A, Mackay J, Whitehouse A, Godec T, Collier T, Pocock S, et al. Long-term mortality after the blood pressure and lipid- lowering treatment in hypertensive patients: 16-year follow-up of the ASCOT Legacy study. 2018."},{"key":"737_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14296","volume":"23","author":"D Vakil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vakil D, Zinonos S, Kostis JB, Dobrzynski JM, Cosgrove NM, Moreyra AE, et al. Monotherapy treatment with chlorthalidone or amlodipine in the systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT). J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23:1335\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74003-5","volume":"14","author":"MS Soh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soh MS, Won KH, Kim JJ, Lee SY, Hyon MS, Youn HJ, et al. Phase III randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety of amlodipine and candesartan cilexetil combination for hypertension treatment. Sci Rep. 2024;14:22940.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"737_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-020-00045-5","author":"G Youssef","year":"2020","unstructured":"Youssef G, Nagy S, El-gengehe A, Abdel Hamid M, Abdel Aal A. Once versus twice daily antihypertensive medications for the control of nocturnal blood pressure: a comparative study. Egypt Heart J. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43044-020-00045-5.","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"737_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822b007a","volume":"77","author":"AJS Webb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Webb AJS, Fischer URP. Effects of \u03b2-blocker selectivity on blood pressure variability and stroke: a systematic review. Neurology. 2011;77:731\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"737_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13304","volume":"20","author":"G Parati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parati G, Stergiou G, Dolan EBG. Blood pressure variability: clinical relevance and application. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20:1133\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08603","volume":"69","author":"EP Juhanoja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Juhanoja EP, Niiranen TJ, Johansson JK, Puukka PJ, Thijs L, Asayama K, et al. Outcome-driven thresholds for increased home blood pressure variability. Hypertension. 2017;69:599\u2013607.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.20897","volume":"80","author":"K Narita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Comparison of ambulatory and home blood pressure variability for cardiovascular prognosis and biomarkers. Hypertension. 2023;80:2547\u201355.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03694","volume":"64","author":"P Palatini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palatini P, Reboldi G, Beilin LJ, Casiglia E, Eguchi K, Imai Y, et al. Added predictive value of night-time blood pressure variability for cardiovascular events and mortality: the ambulatory blood pressure-international study. Hypertension. 2014;64:487\u201393.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002074","volume":"37","author":"P Palatini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palatini P, Saladini F, Mos L, Fania C, Mazzer A, Cozzio S, et al. Short-term blood pressure variability outweighs average 24-h blood pressure in the prediction of cardiovascular events in hypertension of the young. J Hypertens. 2019;37:1419\u201326.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx760","volume":"39","author":"MH Mehlum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehlum MH, Liestol K, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Hua TA, Rothwell PM, et al. Blood pressure variability and risk of cardiovascular events and death in patients with hypertension and different baseline risks. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2243\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"737_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.13.1536","volume":"102","author":"D Sander","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sander D, Kukla C, Klingelh\u00f6fer J, Winbeck K, Conrad B. Relationship between circadian blood pressure patterns and progression of early carotid atherosclerosis: a 3-year follow-up study. Circulation. 2000;102:1536\u201341.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"737_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.5.901","volume":"36","author":"M Kikuya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Ohokubo T, Tsuji I, Michimata M, Matsubara M, et al. Prognostic significance of blood pressure and heart rate variabilities: the Ohasama study. Hypertension. 2000;36:901\u20136.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR50","first-page":"155","volume":"31","author":"A Lai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lai A, Lam L, Raminemi A, Sonecha A, Sever P. Long-term blood pressure variability: an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. Br J Cardiol. 2024;31:155\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Cardiol"},{"key":"737_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2017.32","volume":"31","author":"Y Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tao Y, Xu J, Song B, Xie X, Gu H, Liu Q, et al. Short-term blood pressure variability and long-term blood pressure variability: which one is a reliable predictor for recurrent stroke. J Hum Hypertens. 2017;31:568\u201373.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006895","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006895","volume":"6","author":"LJ Mena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mena LJ, Felix VG, Melgarejo JD, Maestre GE. 24-Hour blood pressure variability assessed by average real variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e006895.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"737_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0274-y","volume":"42","author":"M Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang M, Pan X, Liang Z, Huang X, Duan M, Cai H, et al. Association between blood pressure variability and the short-term outcome in patients with acute spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertens Res. 2019;42:1701\u20137.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"737_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1362-x","volume":"60","author":"A Concistr\u00e8","year":"2018","unstructured":"Concistr\u00e8 A, Grillo A, La Torre G, Carretta R, Fabris B, Petramala L, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring-derived short-term blood pressure variability in primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine. 2018;60:129\u201337.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"737_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2024.2323967","author":"H Takase","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takase H, Sugiura T, Yamashita S, Kawakatsu N, Hayashi K, Kin F, et al. Significance of blood pressure variability in normotensive individuals as a risk factor of developing hypertension. Blood Press. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08037051.2024.2323967.","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"737_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001159","volume":"35","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang J, Shi X, Ma C, Zheng H, Xiao J, Bian H, et al. Visit-to-visit blood pressure variability is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2017;35:10\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz178","volume":"49","author":"TO Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith TO, Sillito JA, Goh C-H, Abdel-Fattah A-R, Einarsson A, Soiza RL, et al. Association between different methods of assessing blood pressure variability and incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2015;49:184\u201392.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"737_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-00475-3","volume":"35","author":"A Alaarag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alaarag A, Amin O. Blood pressure variability in patients with angina and non-obstructive coronary artery disease. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35:1074\u201380.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Xue J, Dai W, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Chen W. Visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1\u201315.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"737_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033697","volume":"52","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, Ma Y, Hua R, Yang Z, Zhong B, Wang H, et al. Dose-response relationship between long-term blood pressure variability and cognitive decline. Stroke. 2021;52:3249\u201357.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"737_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17797","volume":"78","author":"RAA De Heus","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Heus RAA, Tzourio C, Lee EJL, Opozda M, Vincent AD, Anstey KJ, et al. Association between blood pressure variability with dementia and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2021;78:1478\u201389.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102343","volume":"49","author":"PBT Saputra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saputra PBT, Lamara AD, Saputra ME, Pasahari D, Kurniawan RB, Farabi MJA, et al. Long-term systolic blood pressure variability independent of mean blood pressure is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024;49:102343.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"737_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174383","volume":"58","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Agnoletti D, Safar ME, Blacher J. Effect of antihypertensive agents on blood pressure variability: the natrilix SR versus candesartan and amlodipine in the reduction of systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients (X-CELLENT) study. Hypertension. 2011;58:155\u201360.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"737_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026739","volume":"51","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma Y, Song A, Viswanathan A, Blacker D, Vernooij MW, Hofman A, et al. Blood pressure variability and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohorts. Stroke. 2020;51:82\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"737_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.611566","volume":"42","author":"AJS Webb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Webb AJS, Rothwell PM. Effect of dose and combination of antihypertensives on interindividual blood pressure variability: a systematic review. Stroke. 2011;42:2860\u20135.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"737_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328342c845","volume":"29","author":"DJ Collier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collier DJ, Poulter NR, Dahl\u00f6f B, Sever PS, Wedel H, Buch J, et al. Impact of amlodipine-based therapy among older and younger patients in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA). J Hypertens. 2011;29:583\u201391.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.04.013","volume":"31","author":"Y Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu Y, Jia J, Liu G, Li S, Lu C, Liu Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two formulations of 10-mg amlodipine besylate: an open-label, single-dose, randomized, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Clin Ther. 2009;31:777\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"737_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76S","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(96)00267-1","volume":"9","author":"M Myers","year":"1996","unstructured":"Myers M. Suggested guidelines for determining the trough-to-peak ratio of antihypertensive drugs. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:76S-76S.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad814","volume":"45","author":"A Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta A, Whiteley WN, Godec T, Rostamian S, Ariti C, Mackay J, et al. Legacy benefits of blood pressure treatment on cardiovascular events are primarily mediated by improved blood pressure variability: the ASCOT trial. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:1159\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"357","key":"737_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60235-8","volume":"2","author":"AJS Webb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Webb AJS, Fischer U, Mehta ZRP. Effects of antihypertensive-drug class on interindividual variation in blood pressure and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2010;2(357):906\u201315.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"737_CR71","first-page":"8","volume":"40","author":"Z Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu Z, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Sun CTC. Effects of valsartan combined with amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide regimen on blood pressure variation in elderly hypertensive patients. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2012;40:8\u201313.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"737_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12290","volume":"16","author":"P Muntner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muntner P, Levitan EB, Lynch AI, Simpson LM, Whittle J, Davis BR, et al. Effect of chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril on visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure: results from the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16:323\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13346","volume":"20","author":"K Mezue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mezue K, Goyal A, Pressman GS, Matthew R, Horrow JC, Rangaswami J. Blood pressure variability predicts adverse events and cardiovascular outcomes in SPRINT. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20:1247\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ehx5021651","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx502.P1651","volume":"38","author":"N Taha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taha N, Shehata S, MA-Z. Combination of valsartan\/amlodipine is more effective than bisoprolol\/hydrochlorothiazide on reduction of blood pressure variability in patients with moderate or severe hypertension after control: P1651. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:ehx5021651.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"737_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001608","volume":"36","author":"S Omboni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omboni S, Kario K, Bakris G, Parati G. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on 24-h blood pressure variability: pooled individual data analysis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring studies based on olmesartan mono or combination treatment. J Hypertens. 2018;36:720\u201333.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3109\/10641961003667948","volume":"32","author":"A Hoshino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoshino A, Nakamura T. The bedtime administration ameliorates blood pressure variability and reduces urinary albumin excretion in amlodipine-olmesartan combination therapy. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32:416\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4236\/wjcd.2022.125026","volume":"12","author":"A Kamal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamal A. Determinants of blood pressure variability in individuals with essential hypertension: a survey-based study. World J Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;12:259\u201376.","journal-title":"World J Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"737_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-019-0286-8","volume":"34","author":"M El Mokadem","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Mokadem M, Boshra H, Abd el Hady Y, Kasla AGA. Orrelation between blood pressure variability and subclinical target organ damage in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;34:641\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00797-4","author":"IM Ibrahim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ibrahim IM, Abdel-Kareem A-RO, Mahfouz RA, SIE. The association between morning blood pressure surge and cardiovascular disease in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients: observational analytical study in the form of a cross-sectional study. SN Compr Clin Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42399-021-00797-4.","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"737_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328360f796","volume":"31","author":"T Kawai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kawai T, Ohishi M, Ito N, Onishi M, Takeya Y, Yamamoto K, et al. Alteration of vascular function is an important factor in the correlation between visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1387\u201395.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12230","volume":"16","author":"JB Kostis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kostis JB, Sedjro JE, Cabrera J, Cosgrove NM, Pantazopoulos JS, Kostis WJ, et al. Visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and cardiovascular death in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16:34\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001197","volume":"35","author":"N Kallioinen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kallioinen N, Hill A, Horswill MS, Ward HE, Watson MO. Sources of inaccuracy in the measurement of adult patients\u2019 resting blood pressure in clinical settings: a systematic review. J Hypertens. 2017;35:421\u201341.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"737_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010075","volume":"46","author":"LS Manning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manning LS, Rothwell PM, Potter JF, Robinson TG. Prognostic significance of short-term blood pressure variability in acute stroke: systematic review. Stroke. 2015;46:2482\u201390.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"737_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002835","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003825","volume":"5","author":"YC Chia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chia YC, Lim HM, Ching SM. Long-term visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and renal function decline in patients with hypertension over 15 years. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002835.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"737_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gianfranco Parati JEOGSPS. Arterial stiffness and blood pressure variability. In: Academic Press, editor. Early Vascular Aging (EVA). Second Edition. 2024. p. 237\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-15512-3.00048-9"}],"container-title":["High Blood Pressure &amp; Cardiovascular Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00737-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00737-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00737-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:03:09Z","timestamp":1758866589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00737-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00737-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-1985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-1985","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare absence of any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}