{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:39:27Z","timestamp":1792636767770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-025-00755-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:48:41Z","timestamp":1762256921000},"page":"41-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bedtime Versus Morning Dosing of Anti-hypertensives: A GRADE-Assessed Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials with Trial Sequential Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Saad","family":"Rakab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basel Hatem","family":"Elsalakawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalhakim","family":"Shubietah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Maamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohab","family":"Mattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AlMothana","family":"Manasrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubaid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5122-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameer","family":"Awashra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ruzieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abuelazm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"755_CR1","unstructured":"Hypertension [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hypertension"},{"issue":"7","key":"755_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03790-z","volume":"398","author":"MS Elgendy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elgendy MS, Taha HI, Amin AM, Khlidj Y, Ezz MR, Elgamasy MA, et al. The efficacy and safety of low-dose triple combination for hypertension treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(7):7721\u201336.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.26.1.55","volume":"26","author":"DP Veerman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Veerman DP, Imholz BPM, Wieling W, Wesseling KH, Van Montfrans GA. Circadian profile of systemic hemodynamics. Hypertension. 1995;26(1):55\u20139.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.53.1.96","volume":"53","author":"G Mancia","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, Parati G, Pomidossi G, Bertinieri G, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ Res. 1983;53(1):96\u2013104.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"755_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022273","volume":"348","author":"DL Clement","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, De Leeuw PW, Duprez DA, Fagard RH, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(24):2407\u201315.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100727","volume":"51","author":"RH Fagard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, et al. Daytime and nighttime blood pressure as predictors of death and cause-specific cardiovascular events in hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51(1):55\u201361.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"755_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2009.9","volume":"23","author":"RH Fagard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fagard RH, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA. Night\u2013day blood pressure ratio and dipping pattern as predictors of death and cardiovascular events in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(10):645\u201353.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"755_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2010.510230","volume":"27","author":"RC Hermida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Moj\u00f3n A, Fern\u00e1ndez JR. Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27(8):1629\u201351.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"48","key":"755_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz754","volume":"41","author":"RC Hermida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermida RC, Crespo JJ, Dom\u00ednguez-Sardi\u00f1a M, Otero A, Moy\u00e1 A, R\u00edos MT, et al. Bedtime hypertension treatment improves cardiovascular risk reduction: the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(48):4565\u201376.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10361","key":"755_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01786-X","volume":"400","author":"IS Mackenzie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mackenzie IS, Rogers A, Poulter NR, Williams B, Brown MJ, Webb DJ, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in adults with hypertension with evening versus morning dosing of usual antihypertensives in the UK (TIME study): a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint clinical trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10361):1417\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"23","key":"755_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.4390","volume":"333","author":"SR Garrison","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garrison SR, Bakal JA, Kolber MR, Korownyk CS, Green LA, Kirkwood JEM, et al. Antihypertensive medication timing and cardiovascular events and death: the BedMed randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;333(23):2061.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"755_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"29","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;29:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"755_CR13","unstructured":"Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024. Available from www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"755_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"28","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;28:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7650","key":"755_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7651","key":"755_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39490.551019.BE","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, et al. What is \u201cquality of evidence\u201d and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ. 2008;336(7651):995\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"755_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017890","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017890","volume":"10","author":"CH Kwon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwon CH, Kim W, Shin J, Lee CJ, Kim H, Kang S, et al. Office blood pressure range and cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(7):e017890.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"755_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003508","volume":"41","author":"M Abuelazm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abuelazm M, Saleh O, Albarakat MM, Katamesh B, Abdalshafy H, Mahmoud A, et al. The effect of bedtime versus morning dosing of antihypertensive drugs on the cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2023;41(10):1595\u2013605.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"7","key":"755_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.02.018","volume":"136","author":"EJ Filippone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Filippone EJ, Foy AJ, Naccarelli GV. Controversies in hypertension III: dipping, nocturnal hypertension, and the morning surge. Am J Med. 2023;136(7):629\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-023-01273-1","volume":"26","author":"A Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang A, Yang E, Ebinger JE. Non-dipping blood pressure or nocturnal hypertension: does one matter more? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024;26(1):21\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02074-7","volume":"21","author":"PM Ingabire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ingabire PM, Ojji DB, Rayner B, Ogola E, Damasceno A, Jones E, et al. High prevalence of non-dipping patterns among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension: a secondary analysis of the CREOLE trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):254.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1161\/hy1001.092640","volume":"38","author":"K Kario","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension. 2001;38(4):852\u20137.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"7","key":"755_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.64.499","volume":"64","author":"H Ijiri","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ijiri H, Kohno I, Yin D, Iwasaki H, Takusagawa M, Iida T, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias and left ventricular hypertrophy in dipper and nondipper patients with essential hypertension. Jpn Circ J. 2000;64(7):499\u2013504.","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"issue":"3","key":"755_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/18.3.563","volume":"18","author":"M Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu M. Non-dipping is a potent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is associated with autonomic dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2003;18(3):563\u20139.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"338","key":"755_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b1665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1665","volume":"19","author":"MR Law","year":"2009","unstructured":"Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;19(338):b1665.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"755_CR26","first-page":"1462","volume":"28","author":"G Mancia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2007;28(12):1462\u2013536.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"7653","key":"755_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39553.670231.25","volume":"336","author":"B Vrijens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vrijens B, Vincze G, Kristanto P, Urquhart J, Burnier M. Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories. BMJ. 2008;336(7653):1114\u20137.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.65","volume":"31","author":"K Kario","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kario K. Perfect 24-h management of hypertension: clinical relevance and perspectives. J Hum Hypertens. 2017;31(4):231\u201343.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.137273","volume":"55","author":"Y Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Boggia J, Richart T, et al. Prognostic value of the morning blood pressure surge in 5645 subjects from 8 populations. Hypertension. 2010;55(4):1040\u20138.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"755_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-1405","volume":"10","author":"H Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang H, Yu Z, Liu J, Zhang W. Bedtime administration of antihypertensive medication can reduce morning blood pressure surges in hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(6):6841\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"755_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003783","volume":"42","author":"EKP Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee EKP, Wang S, Ng W, Ramdzan S, Tse E, Chan L, et al. Evening dosing versus morning dosing of antihypertensive medications for nocturnal hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 107 randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2024;42(10):1653\u201364.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2016.0027","volume":"23","author":"Y Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun Y, Yu X, Liu J, Zhou N, Chen L, Zhao Y, et al. Effect of bedtime administration of blood-pressure lowering agents on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results: a meta-analysis. Cardiol J. 2016;23(4):473\u201381.","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003595","volume":"42","author":"JR Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez JR, Moj\u00f3n A, Smolensky MH, Hermida RC. Impact of hypertension treatment-time on cardiovascular outcomes: erroneous trial selection leading to suspect findings. J Hypertens. 2024;42(1):190\u20131.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"755_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80705-3","volume":"11","author":"JW Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin JW, Jo YH, Song MK, Won HJ, Kook MS. Nocturnal blood pressure dip and parapapillary choroidal microvasculature dropout in normal-tension glaucoma. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):206.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"755_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70067-4","volume":"117","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P, Alward WLM. Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(5):603\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"755_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e252","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12298","volume":"92","author":"VP Costa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Costa VP, Harris A, Anderson D, Stodtmeister R, Cremasco F, Kergoat H, et al. Ocular perfusion pressure in glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 2014;92(4):e252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.12298.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"755_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye R, Yang X, Zhang X, et al. Morning vs bedtime dosing and nocturnal blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension: The OMAN randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jul 9;8(7):e2519354.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.19354"}],"container-title":["High Blood Pressure &amp; Cardiovascular Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00755-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00755-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00755-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:55:01Z","timestamp":1770548101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00755-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00755-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-1985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-1985","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}