{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:10:33Z","timestamp":1783055433927,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-025-00770-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T01:48:30Z","timestamp":1764899310000},"page":"159-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transdermal Clonidine for Hypertension: An Underutilized Ally in the Modern Era"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Masi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola Riccardo","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Borghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. Sustain. 2021;11(1):1\u201348.","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"770_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.05.033","volume":"126","author":"R Kreutz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreutz R, Brunstr\u00f6m M, Burnier M, et al. 2024 European Society of Hypertension clinical practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur J Intern Med. 2024;126:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.05.033.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"770_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","author":"CP McCarthy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"770_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whelton PK., Carey RM., Aronow WS. et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Hypertension 2018:E13\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000065.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000065"},{"key":"770_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005641","author":"TM Abegaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abegaz TM, Shehab A, Gebreyohannes EA, Bhagavathula AS, Elnour AA. Nonadherence to antihypertensive drugs a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (United States). 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000005641.","journal-title":"Med (United States)"},{"issue":"5","key":"770_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x","volume":"73","author":"B Vrijens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, et al. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(5):691\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"770_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13678","author":"G Mancia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancia G, Cappuccio FP, Burnier M, et al. Perspectives on improving blood pressure control to reduce the clinical and economic burden of hypertension. J Intern Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13678.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"770_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.08.005","author":"E Peacock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peacock E, Krousel-Wood M. Adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Med Clin North Am. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.08.005.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"770_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01826-x","author":"AA Abrahamowicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abrahamowicz AA, Ebinger J, Whelton SP, Commodore-Mensah Y, Yang E. Racial and ethnic disparities in hypertension: barriers and opportunities to improve blood pressure control. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-022-01826-x.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"770_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003","volume":"99","author":"AK Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, et al. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021;99(3):S1-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00546713","volume":"26","author":"D Arndts","year":"1984","unstructured":"Arndts D, Arndts K. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermally administered clonidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;26(1):79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00546713.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"770_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80109-0","volume":"23","author":"AJ Claxton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther. 2001;23(8):1296\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80109-0.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"770_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-021-00824-y","author":"T Kawada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kawada T, Nishikawa T, Hayama Y, et al. Quantitative assessment of the central versus peripheral effect of intravenous clonidine using baroreflex equilibrium diagrams. J Physiol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12576-021-00824-y.","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"6 I","key":"770_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.66.6.1268","volume":"66","author":"C Farsang","year":"1982","unstructured":"Farsang C, Kapocsi J, Juhasz I, Kunos G. Possible involvement of an endogenous opioid in the antihypertensive effect of clonidine in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1982;66(6 I):1268\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.66.6.1268.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"770_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1987.tb00999.x","volume":"14","author":"B Jarrott","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jarrott B, Conway EL, Maccarrone C, Lewis SJ. Clonidine: understanding its disposition, sites and mechanism of action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987;14(5):471\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1987.tb00999.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"5544","key":"770_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/259587a0","volume":"259","author":"H Karppanen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Karppanen H, Paakkari I, Paakkari P, Huotari R, Orma AL. Possible involvement of central histamine H2-receptors in the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Nature. 1976;259(5544):587\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/259587a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"770_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1979256864","volume":"25","author":"M Lilja","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lilja M, Jounela AJ, Juustila H, Marvola M. Antihypertensive effects of clonidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1979;25(6):864\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt1979256864.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"770_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.28.5.ii-53","author":"G Onesti","year":"1971","unstructured":"Onesti G, Schwartz AB, Kim KE, Paz-Martinez V, Swartz C. Antihypertensive effect of clonidine. Circ Res. 1971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.res.28.5.ii-53.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"770_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20050101","author":"NL Kanagy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanagy NL. \u03b12-adrenergic receptor signalling in hypertension. Clin Sci. 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/CS20050101.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"770_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1113\/JP286450","volume":"602","author":"SA Klassen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klassen SA, Limberg JK, Harvey RE, et al. Central \u03b12-adrenergic mechanisms regulate human sympathetic neuronal discharge strategies. J Physiol. 2024;602(16):4053\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP286450.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-1-74","volume":"92","author":"J Lowenstein","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lowenstein J. Diagnosis and treatment. Drugs five years later. Clonidine. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92(1):74\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-92-1-74.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10393","key":"770_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00733-X","volume":"401","author":"N Staplin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Staplin N, de la Sierra A, Ruilope LM, et al. Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood pressure and mortality: an observational cohort study in 59 124 patients. Lancet. 2023;401(10393):2041\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00733-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"770_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04133.x","volume":"7","author":"DA Sica","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sica DA, Grubbs R. Transdermal clonidine: therapeutic considerations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7(9):558\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04133.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"770_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2001.00954.x","author":"LM Prisant","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prisant LM. Transdermal clonidine skin reactions. J Clin Hypertens. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2001.00954.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"770_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899109148058","volume":"23","author":"M Lilja","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lilja M, Juustila H, Sarna S, Jounela AJ. Transdermal and oral clonidine. Ann Med. 1991;23(3):265\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07853899109148058.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"770_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1985.171","volume":"38","author":"TR MacGregor","year":"1985","unstructured":"MacGregor TR, Matzek KM, Keirns JJ, van Wayjen RGA, van den Ende A, van Tol RGL. Pharmacokinetics of transdermally delivered clonidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;38(3):278\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.1985.171.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1986.tb03447.x","volume":"6","author":"JF Burris","year":"1986","unstructured":"Burris JF, Oczek WJ. Transdermal administration of clonidine: a new approach to antihypertensive therapy. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther. 1986;6(1):30\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1986.tb03447.x.","journal-title":"Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"770_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00609752","volume":"13","author":"A Ker\u00e4nen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ker\u00e4nen A, Nyk\u00e4nen S, Taskinen J. Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;13(2):97\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00609752.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8367","key":"770_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90180-6","volume":"323","author":"MA Weber","year":"1984","unstructured":"Weber MA, Brewer DD, Drayer JIM, Lipson JL. Transdermal continuous antihypertensive therapy. Lancet. 1984;323(8367):9\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90180-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"770_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040778","author":"WF Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong WF, Ang KP, Sethi G, Looi CY. Recent advancement of medical patch for transdermal drug delivery. Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59040778.","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"770_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105483","author":"C Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun C, Zhang S, Xiao J, Liu C, Fang L. Combined hydroxyphenyl-modified adhesive with the ion-pair strategy for long-lasting delivery of clonidine in single-layer matrix-type patch. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105483.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1 SUPPL. 1","key":"770_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90059-7","volume":"91","author":"JF Burris","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burris JF, Papademetriou V, Wallin JD, Cook ME, Weidler DJ. Therapeutic adherence in the elderly: transdermal clonidine compared to oral verapamil for hypertension. Am J Med. 1991;91(1 SUPPL. 1):S22\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90059-7.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"770_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198609002-00031","volume":"10","author":"G Mancia","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mancia G, Parati G, Pomidossi G, et al. Evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of TTS clonidine by multiple 24-hour automatic blood pressure monitoring. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1986;10:S187\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005344-198609002-00031.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"770_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(86)90499-0","volume":"112","author":"DT Lowenthal","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lowenthal DT, Saris S, Paran E, et al. Efficacy of clonidine as transdermal therapeutic system: the international clinical trial experience. Am Heart J. 1986;112(4):893\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-8703(86)90499-0.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"Sup 12","key":"770_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S244","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198710012-00042","volume":"10","author":"SS Franklin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Franklin SS, Tonkon MJ, Kirschenbaum MA, Dobak JD. Randomised, double-blind comparison of transdermal clonidine with oral propranolol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987;10(Sup 12):S244\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005344-198710012-00042.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"770_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03301.x","volume":"29","author":"GR Schmidt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schmidt GR, Schuna AA, Goodfriend TL. Transdermal clonidine compared with hydrochlorothiazide as monotherapy in elderly hypertensive males. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29(2):133\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03301.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"770_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01829456","volume":"3","author":"RE Kolloch","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kolloch RE, Mehlburger L, Schumacher H, G\u00f6bel BO. Efficacy and safety of two different galenic formulations of a transdermal clonidine system in the treatment of hypertension. Clin Auton Res. 1993;3(6):373\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01829456.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"770_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360230056009","volume":"146","author":"S Popli","year":"1986","unstructured":"Popli S, Daugirdas JT, Neubauer JA, Hockenberry B, Hano JE, Ing TS. Transdermal clonidine in mild hypertension a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(11):2140\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360230056009.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"770_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpac004","volume":"35","author":"J Hanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hanna J, Ghazi L, Yamamoto Y, et al. Excessive blood pressure response to clonidine in hospitalized patients with asymptomatic severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2022;35(5):433\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpac004.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"770_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01829457","volume":"3","author":"APIS Investigators","year":"1993","unstructured":"APIS Investigators. One year efficacy and tolerability of clonidine administered by the transdermal route in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension\u2014a multicentre open label study. The Antihypertensive Patch Italian Study (APIS) Investigators. Clin Auton Res. 1993;3:379\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-199901000-00004","volume":"6","author":"VC Dias","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dias VC, Tendler B, Oparil S, Reilly PA, Snarr P, White WB. Clinical experience with transdermal clonidine in African\u2013American and Hispanic-American patients with hypertension: evaluation from a 12-week prospective, open-label clinical trial in community-based clinics. Am J Ther. 1999;6(1):19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00045391-199901000-00004.","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"770_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(71)90297-3","volume":"82","author":"DB Toubes","year":"1971","unstructured":"Toubes DB, McIntosh TJ, Kirkendall WM, Wilson WR. Hypotensive effects of clonidine and chlorthalidone. Controlled clinical trial of drugs administered singly and in combination. Am Heart J. 1971;82(3):312\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-8703(71)90297-3.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"770_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10662","volume":"71","author":"EM Krieger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krieger EM, Drager LF, Giorgi DMA, et al. Spironolactone versus clonidine as a fourth-drug therapy for resistant hypertension the REHOT randomised study (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment). Hypertension. 2018;71(4):681\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10662.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"770_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00714.x","volume":"4","author":"P Wilkinson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wilkinson P, Raftery E. A comparative trial of clonidine, propranolol and placebo in the treatment of moderate hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;4(3):289\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00714.x.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168124","volume":"12","author":"C Noronha Neto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noronha Neto C, Maia SSB, Katz L, Coutinho IC, Souza AR, Amorim MM. Clonidine versus captopril for severe postpartum hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0168124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168124.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"770_CR46","first-page":"88","volume":"12","author":"FG McMahon","year":"1990","unstructured":"McMahon FG, Jain AK, Vargas R, Fillingim J. A double-blind comparison of transdermal clonidine and oral captopril in essential hypertension. Clin Ther. 1990;12(2):88\u2013100.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"770_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.072055","volume":"151","author":"M Vaduganathan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Kulac IJ, et al. Effects of the nonsteroidal MRA finerenone with and without concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor use in heart failure. Circulation. 2025;151(2):149\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.072055.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"770_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067584","volume":"149","author":"BL Neuen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neuen BL, Heerspink HJL, Vart P, et al. Estimated lifetime cardiovascular, kidney, and mortality benefits of combination treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and nonsteroidal MRA compared with conventional care in patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria. Circulation. 2024;149(6):450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067584.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"770_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","volume":"377","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"770_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01829459","volume":"3","author":"JF Burris","year":"1993","unstructured":"Burris JF. The USA experience with the clonidine transdermal therapeutic system. Clin Auton Res. 1993;3(6):391\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01829459.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"10008","key":"770_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","volume":"386","author":"B Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams B, Macdonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2059\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"770_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06731","volume":"67","author":"S Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim S, Shin DW, Yun JM, et al. Medication adherence and the risk of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisation among patients with newly prescribed antihypertensive medications. Hypertension. 2016;67(3):506\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06731.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"770_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd8110146","author":"M Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu M, Zheng G, Cao X, et al. Better medications adherence lowers cardiovascular events, stroke, and all-cause mortality risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd8110146.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00897.x","volume":"7","author":"G Geyskes","year":"1979","unstructured":"Geyskes G, Boer P, Mees DE. Clonidine withdrawal. Mechanism and frequency of rebound hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;7(1):55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00897.x.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"770_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2322527","volume":"25","author":"PI Georgianos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Georgianos PI, Kourtidou C, Divani M, Liakopoulos V. BP-lowering effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and finerenone: an indirect comparison in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2024;25(2):127\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2024.2322527.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"770_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-022-02120-0","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhao X, Huang H, Li M. Network meta-analysis of sacubitril\/valsartan for the treatment of essential hypertension. Clin Res Cardiol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-022-02120-0.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"770_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad272","author":"MP Theodorakopoulou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Theodorakopoulou MP, Sarafidis P. SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone in non-diabetic CKD: a step into the (near) future? Clin Kidney J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfad272.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"1","key":"770_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01676-5","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jiang L, Wang J, et al. Network meta-analysis on the effects of finerenone versus SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01676-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"770_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001426","volume":"24","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Fang C, Zhang YY, Ma L, Zhou H, Ye H. Effectiveness and safety of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor and sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med. 2023;24(2):123\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001426.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"770_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02154-4","volume":"60","author":"A Diallo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diallo A, Carlos-Bolumbu M, Galtier F. Blood pressure-lowering effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists for preventing of cardiovascular events and death in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2023;60(12):1651\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-023-02154-4.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"770_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0406-8","author":"MR Cowie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cowie MR, Fisher M. SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit beyond glycaemic control. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-020-0406-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"}],"container-title":["High Blood Pressure &amp; Cardiovascular Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00770-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00770-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00770-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T23:27:05Z","timestamp":1773530825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00770-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40292-025-00770-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-1985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-1985","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The review was conducted according to the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}