{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:06:32Z","timestamp":1786982792789,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005609","name":"University of Turku","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review of published data was carried out to assess the caries-preventive effects of xylitol chewing gums and candies in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic and hand searches were performed to find clinical studies on the effects of xylitol chewing gums and candies on dental caries in children (\u2264\u200918\u00a0years). Prospective randomised or controlled clinical trials published before 2023 were included in the review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initial search identified 365 titles to be evaluated. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles with either fair or low quality were reviewed. Nine articles studied chewing gums, five candies, and one both of them. In the ten evaluated xylitol chewing gum studies xylitol consumption significantly reduced caries occurrence when compared with no treatment or a placebo polyol gum. The effect was clinically significant in studies with high or moderate caries level at study baseline. The results also suggested that the caries-reducing effect of xylitol gums may differ from sorbitol\/polyol gums. In five of the six heterogenous xylitol candy studies, no caries-reducing effect was found independent of caries level. In addition to caries level, also the daily xylitol dose was a confounding factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present findings suggest that the caries-reducing effect of adding xylitol chewing gum to the daily diet has been well demonstrated in children and adolescents with high or moderate caries level at study baseline. Xylitol gum use could benefit subjects with active incipient caries lesions on smooth tooth surfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-024-00875-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T11:02:08Z","timestamp":1709377328000},"page":"145-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effect of xylitol chewing gums and candies on caries occurrence in children: a systematic review with special reference to caries level at study baseline"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Pienih\u00e4kkinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hietala-Lenkkeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Arpalahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7565-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"S\u00f6derling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.280308.x","volume":"28","author":"P Alanen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alanen P, Isokangas P, Gutmann K. Xylitol candies in caries prevention: results of a field study in Estonian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:218\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.280308.x.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"875_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ALHumaid J, Bamashmous M. Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of xylitol in caries prevention. J Int Soc Prevent Communit Dent. 2022;12:133\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_164_21","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_164_21"},{"key":"875_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2010.00208.x","volume":"71","author":"AG Antonio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antonio AG, Pierro VS, Maia LC. Caries preventive effects of xylitol-based candies and lozenges: a systematic review. J Public Health Dent. 2011;71:117\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2010.00208.x.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"875_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1159\/000264682","volume":"43","author":"G Campus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campus G, Cagetti MG, Sacco G, Solinas G, Mastroberardino S, Lingstr\u00f6m P. Six months of daily high-dose xylitol in high-risk schoolchildren: a randomized clinical trial on plaque pH and salivary mutans streptococci. Caries Res. 2009;43:455\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000264682.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"875_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0774-5","volume":"17","author":"G Campus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campus G, Cagetti MG, Sale S, Petruzzi M, Solinas G, Strohmenger L, Lingstr\u00f6m P. Six months of high-dose xylitol in high-risk caries subjects\u2014a 2-year randomised, clinical trial. Clin Oral Invest. 2013;17:785\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-012-0774-5.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"875_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deshpande A, Jadad AR. The impact of polyol-containing chewing gums on dental caries: a systematic review of original randomized controlled trials and observational studies. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139:1602\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0102","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0102"},{"key":"875_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havenaar R, Huis in\u2019t Veld JHJ, Backer Dirks O, de Stoppelaar JD. Some bacteriological aspects of sugar substitutes. In: Guggenheim, B, editor. Health and Sugar Substitutes: Proceedings of the Ergob Conference on Sugar Substitutes, Geneva, 1978. Basel: Karger; 1978. pp. 192\u20138. https:\/\/ocul-gue.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay\/alma9922118913505154\/01OCUL_GUE:GUELPH","DOI":"10.1159\/000402702"},{"key":"875_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.13055","author":"S He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He S, Choong EKM, Duangthip D, Chu CH, Lo ECM. Clinical interventions with various agents to prevent early childhood caries: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ipd.13055.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"875_CR9","unstructured":"Hietala-Lenkkeri A. Evaluation of xylitol use and bitewing radiographs among school-aged children in a low-caries level population. Thesis, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis D 1254. Turku: University of Turku; 2016. https:\/\/www.utupub.fi"},{"key":"875_CR10","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane 2022."},{"key":"875_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1159\/000095650","volume":"40","author":"E Honkala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Honkala E, Honkala S, Shyama M, Al-Mutawa SA. Field trial on caries prevention with candies among disabled school students. Caries Res. 2006;40:508\u201313.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"875_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1159\/000358399","volume":"48","author":"S Honkala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Honkala S, Runnel R, Saag M, Olak J, Nommela R, Russak S, M\u00e4kinen PL, Vahlberg T, Falony F, M\u00e4kinen K, Honkala E. Effect of erythritol and xylitol on dental caries prevention in children. Caries Res. 2014;48:482\u201390.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"875_CR13","unstructured":"Isokangas P. Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention. A longitudinal study on Finnish school children. Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1987;83: Suppl. I"},{"key":"875_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8177(88)72017-6","volume":"117","author":"P Isokangas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Isokangas P, Alanen P, Tiekso J, M\u00e4kinen KK. Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention: a field study in children. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988;117:315\u201320.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"875_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janakiram C, Deepan Kumar CV, Joseph J. Xylitol in preventing dental caries. A systematic review and meta-analyses. J Nat Sc Biol Med. 2017;8:16\u201321.","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.198344"},{"key":"875_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660082501","volume":"66","author":"D Kandelman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kandelman D, Gagnon G. Clinical results after 12 months from a study of the incidence and progression of dental caries in relation to consumption of chewing-gum containing xylitol in school preventive programs. J Dent Res. 1987;66:1407\u201311.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"875_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandelman D, B\u00e4r A, Hefti A.Collaborative WHO xylitol field study in French Polynesia. I. Baseline prevalence and 32-month caries increment. Caries Res 1988;22:55\u201362.","DOI":"10.1159\/000261084"},{"key":"875_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690111201","volume":"69","author":"D Kandelman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kandelman D, Gagnon G. A 24-month clinical study of the incidence and progression of dental caries in relation to consumption of chewing gum containing xylitol in school preventive programs. J Dent Res. 1990;69:1771\u20135.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"875_CR19","unstructured":"Kovari H. The use of xylitol gum at day-care centers. Experimental follow-up study. Thesis, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis C 186. Turku: University of Turku; 2002. https:\/\/www.utupub.fi"},{"key":"875_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350310007806","volume":"61","author":"H Kovari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kovari H, Pienih\u00e4kkinen K, Alanen P. Use of xylitol chewing gum in daycare centers: a follow-up study in Savonlinna, Finland. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003;61:367\u201370.","journal-title":"Finland Acta Odontol Scand."},{"key":"875_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12057","volume":"41","author":"ML Laitala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laitala ML, Alanen P, Isokangas P, S\u00f6derling E, Pienih\u00e4kkinen K. Long-term effects of maternal prevention on children\u2019s dental decay and need for restorative treatment. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2013;41:534\u201340.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"875_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000360869","volume":"49","author":"W Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee W, Spiekerman C, Heima M, Eggertsson H, Ferretti G, Milgrom P, Nelson S. The effectiveness of xylitol in a school-based cluster-randomized clinical trial. Caries Res. 2015;49:41\u20139.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"875_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01182.x","volume":"22","author":"AMH Lenkkeri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lenkkeri AMH, Pienih\u00e4kkinen K, Hurme S, Alanen P. The caries-preventive effect of xylitol\/maltitol and erythritol\/maltitol lozenges: results of a double-blinded, cluster-randomized clinical trial in an area of natural fluoridation. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012;22:180\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01182.x.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"875_CR24","first-page":"226","volume":"37","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Tanner A. Effect of antimicrobial intervention on oral microbiota associated with early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent. 2015;37:226\u201344.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"875_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000094284","volume":"40","author":"P Lif Holgerson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lif Holgerson P, Stecks\u00e9n-Blicks C, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m I. Xylitol concentration in saliva and dental plaque after use of various xylitol-containing products. Caries Res. 2006;40:393\u20137.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"875_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350310007798","volume":"61","author":"P Lingstr\u00f6m","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lingstr\u00f6m P, Holm AK, Mej\u00e1re I, Twetman S, S\u00f6der B, Norlund A, Axelsson S, Lagerl\u00f6f F, Nordenram G, Petersson LG, Dahlgren H, K\u00e4llest\u00e5l C. Dietary factors in the prevention of dental caries: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003;61:331\u201340.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"875_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-6","author":"KA Ly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ly KA, Milgrom P, Roberst MC, Yamaguchi DK, Rothen M, Mueller G. Linear response of mutans streptococci to increasing xylitol gum use: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-6-6.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"875_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2001.290407.x","volume":"29","author":"V Machiulskiene","year":"2001","unstructured":"Machiulskiene V, Nyvad B, Baelum V. Caries preventive effect of sugar-substituted chewing gum. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001;29:278\u201388.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"875_CR29","first-page":"103","volume":"39","author":"AA Marghalani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marghalani AA, Guinto E, Phan M, Dhar V, Tinanoff N. Effectiveness of xylitol in reducing dental caries in children. Pediatr Dent. 2017;39:103\u201310.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"875_CR30","first-page":"1357","volume":"44","author":"M Massler","year":"1954","unstructured":"Massler M, Pindborg JJ, Mohammed C. A compilation of epidemiologic studies in dental caries. Dental Caries. 1954;44:1357\u201362.","journal-title":"Dental Caries"},{"key":"875_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572007000200002","volume":"15","author":"S Mickenautsch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mickenautsch S, Leal SC, Yengopal V, Bezerra AC, Cruvinel V. Sugar-free chewing gum and dental caries: a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci. 2007;15:83\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"875_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500212","volume":"85","author":"P Milgrom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Milgrom P, Ly KA, Roberts MC, Rothen M, Mueller G, Yamaguchi DK. Mutans streptococci dose response to xylitol chewing gum. J Dent Res. 2006;85:177\u201381.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"875_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.77","volume":"163","author":"P Milgrom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Milgrom P, Ly KA, Tut OK, Mancl L, Roberts MC, Briand K, Gancio MJ. Xylitol pediatric topical oral syrup to prevent dental caries: a double-blind randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:601\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"875_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740121501","volume":"74","author":"KK M\u00e4kinen","year":"1995","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen KK, Bennett CA, Hujoel PP, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, Pape HR Jr, M\u00e4kinen PL. Xylitol chewing gums and caries rates: a 40-month cohort study. J Dent Res. 1995;74:1904\u201313.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"875_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1159\/000262352","volume":"30","author":"KK M\u00e4kinen","year":"1996","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen KK, Hujoel PP, Bennett CA, Isotupa KP, M\u00e4kinen PL, Allen P. Polyol chewing gums and caries rates in primary dentition: a 24-month cohort study. Caries Res. 1996;30:408\u201317.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"875_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5967907","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5967907","volume":"2016","author":"KK M\u00e4kinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen KK. Gastrointestinal disturbances associated with the consumption of sugar alcohols with special consideration of xylitol: scientific review and instructions for dentists and other health-care professionals. Int J Dent. 2016;2016:5967907.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"875_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mota KR, da Silva JVF, Borges CD, Leite de Marcelos PGC, Alvares PR, Santos J\u00fanior VED. Effectiveness of the use of xylitol chewing gum in prevention of dental caries: A systematic review. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021;39(2):113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JISPPD.JISPPD_330_20. PMID: 34341229.","DOI":"10.4103\/JISPPD.JISPPD_330_20"},{"key":"875_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.845921","volume":"3","author":"M Nasseripour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasseripour M, Newton JT, Warburton F, Awojobi O, Di Giorgio S, Gallagher JE, Banerjee A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of sugar-free chewing gum on plaque quantity in the oral cavity. Front Oral Health. 2022;3: 845921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2022.845921.","journal-title":"Front Oral Health."},{"key":"875_CR39","first-page":"214","volume":"5","author":"JT Newton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newton JT, Awojobi O, Nasseripour M, Warburton F, Di Giorgio S, Gallagher JE, Banerjee A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of sugar-free chewing gum in dental caries. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020;5:214\u201323.","journal-title":"JDR Clin Trans Res."},{"key":"875_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2015.1119306","volume":"74","author":"PE N\u00f8rrisgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"N\u00f8rrisgaard PE, Qvist V, Ekstrand K. Prevalence, risk surfaces and inter-municipality variations in caries experience in Danish children and adolescents in 2012. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74:291\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016357.2015.1119306.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"875_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262555","volume":"7","author":"P Oscarson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oscarson P, Lif Holgerson P, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m I, Twetman S, Stecks\u00e9n-Blicks C. Influence of a low xylitol-dose on mutans streptococci colonization and caries development in preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2006;7:142\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"875_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"875_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j..2003.com122.x","volume":"31","author":"PE Petersen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century \u2013 the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(Suppl. 1):3\u201324.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"875_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rethman MP, Beltr\u00e1n-Aquilar ED, Billings RJ, Hujoel PP, Katz BP, Milgrom P, Sohn W, Stamm JW, Watson G, Wolff M, Wright JT, Zero D, Aravamudhan K, Frantsve-Hawley J, Meyer DM. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs Expert Panel on Nonfluoride Caries-Preventive Agents. Nonfluoride caries-preventive agents: executive summary of evidence-based clinical recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142:1065\u201371.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2011.0329"},{"key":"875_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO, Worthington HV. Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2015;26(3):CD010743.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010743.pub2"},{"key":"875_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01495.x","volume":"14","author":"R Ruiken","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ruiken R, K\u00f6nig K, Truin GJ, Plasschaert F. Longitudinal study of dental caries development in Dutch children aged 8\u201312 years. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1986;14:53\u20136.","journal-title":"Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"875_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheinin A, M\u00e4kinen KK, Tammisalo E, Rekola M. Turku sugar studies. V. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontol Scand. 1975;33(suppl 70):67\u2013104.","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357509004632"},{"key":"875_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheinin A, B\u00e1n\u00f3czy J, Sz\u00f6ke J, Eszt\u00e1ri, Pienih\u00e4kkinen K, Scheinin U, Tiekso, J, Zimmermann P, Hadas E. Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. I. Three-year caries activity in institutionalized children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1985;43:327\u201347.","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358509046517"},{"key":"875_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","volume":"369","author":"RH Selwitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet. 2007;369:51\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"875_CR50","first-page":"279","volume":"40","author":"CH Splieth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Splieth CH, Alkilzy M, Schmitt J, Berndt C, Welk A. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol on plaque acidogenesis. Quintessence Int. 2009;40:279\u201385.","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"875_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263x.2007.00912.x","volume":"18","author":"C Stecks\u00e9n-Blicks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stecks\u00e9n-Blicks C, Holgerson PL, Twetman S. Effect of xylitol and xylitol-fluoride lozenges on approximal caries development in high-caries-risk children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18:170\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-263x.2007.00912.x.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"875_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/0895937409335642","volume":"21","author":"EM S\u00f6derling","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00f6derling EM. Xylitol, mutans streptococci, and dental plaque. Adv Dent Res. 2009;21:74\u20138.","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"875_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1788721","volume":"78","author":"E S\u00f6derling","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00f6derling E, Pienih\u00e4kkinen K. Effects of xylitol and erythritol consumption on mutans streptococci and the oral microbiota: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2020;78:599\u2013608.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"875_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04225-8","volume":"26","author":"E S\u00f6derling","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00f6derling E, Pienih\u00e4kkinen K. Effects of xylitol chewing gum and candies on the accumulation of dental plaque: a systematic review. Clin Oral Inv. 2022;26:119\u201329.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Inv"},{"key":"875_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359609003526","volume":"54","author":"JI Virtanen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Virtanen JI, Bloigu RS, Larmas MA. Timing of first restorations before, during, and after a preventive xylitol trial. Acta Odontol Scand. 1996;54:211\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016359609003526.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"875_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182221","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li J, Sun W, Li H, Cannon RD, Mei L. Effect of non-fluoride agents on the prevention of dental caries in primary dentition: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0182221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0182221.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"875_CR57","unstructured":"WHO CAPP. Oral Health Country\/Area Profile Project. http:\/\/www.mah.se\/CAPP\/Country-Oral-Health-Profiles\/According-to-Alphabetical\/Global-DMFT-for-12-year-olds-2011\/"},{"issue":"7 Suppl.","key":"875_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511434354","volume":"91","author":"L Zhan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhan L, Cheng J, Chang P, Ngo M, Denbesten PK, Hoover CI, Featherstone JD. Effects of xylitol wipes on cariogenic bacteria and caries in young children. J Dent Res. 2012;91(7 Suppl.):85S-90S.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40368-024-00875-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40368-024-00875-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40368-024-00875-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1714403268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40368-024-00875-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40368-024-00875-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1818-6300","1996-9805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1818-6300","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}