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Sealant retention was evaluated visually after 37 \u00b0C water storage and thermocycling of 10,000 cycles between 5 and 55\u00a0\u00b0C with a dwell time of 20\u00a0s, whilst penetration depth was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mineral density changes (\u0394MDV) following pH cycling for 21 days and bacterial challenge with\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      for 7 days were quantified using micro-CT scans. Statistical analysis included Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests with Bonferroni correction, Chi-square tests, Spearman\u2019s correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All sealants exhibited optimal retention (&gt;\u200983% fully intact) without significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.494). RBS demonstrated superior penetration (median: 100%), significantly higher than high-viscosity GIS (median: 90.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). RBS also provided the greatest protection against mineral loss under both pH cycling (IQR: 0.0252) and bacterial challenges (IQR: 0.0349), exhibiting significantly lower \u0394MDV compared to majority of the GIS groups and the negative control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant correlation was observed between sealant penetration or retention and \u0394MDV outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All sealants showed effective retention and penetration capabilities; however, the RBS provided superior caries inhibition compared to glass-ionomer alternatives. The effectiveness of GIS was comparable amongst varying viscosities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-025-01157-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:52:40Z","timestamp":1774583560000},"page":"1283-1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of resin-based and glass-ionomer sealants in retention, fissure penetration, and occlusal caries inhibition: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"S. H. C.","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M. A.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. P. Y.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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