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PubMed\/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched. Two reviewers screened retrieved papers independently for eligibility and charted the data. The protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework registration number 10.17605\/OSF.IO\/P9UKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 23 reports were included in the review. More than half of the studies were case series (39.1%) and case reports (17.4%), including small samples (in 50.0% of the studies the sample size was fewer than 10 subjects). Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) was found in most papers (65.2%); other conditions included dental fluorosis, white spot lesions, and developmental defects associated with cleft lip and palate, antineoplastic therapy, syphilis, Turner syndrome and vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>No single study directly compared MIH and HSPM with other enamel developmental defects in a controlled manner, representing a major limitation in establishing evidence-based differential diagnostic criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future studies should include well-designed comparative analyses using standardized diagnostic criteria and objective measures in larger and more diverse patient samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-026-01207-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:27:47Z","timestamp":1787736467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential diagnosis of molar incisor hypomineralisation and hypomineralised second primary molars: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Garot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bandeira Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Elfrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Cardoso Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Declerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Munn Z. 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