{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:54:41Z","timestamp":1793321681164,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA-AA000218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA-AA000218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA-DA000635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA-DA000635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Addict Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-021-00402-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T19:44:00Z","timestamp":1634327040000},"page":"500-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Blood Biomarkers of Alcohol Use: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Leggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0902-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Farokhnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"402_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01275.x","volume":"34","author":"AV Samokhvalov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samokhvalov AV, et al. Disability associated with alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(11):1871\u20138.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"402_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.039","volume":"151","author":"RG Rogers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rogers RG, et al. Drinking problems and mortality risk in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;151:38\u201346.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"402_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130293","volume":"11","author":"M Stahre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stahre M, et al. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:E109.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"9752","key":"402_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61462-6","volume":"376","author":"DJ Nutt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 2010;376(9752):1558\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"402_CR5","unstructured":"Sobell, L.C. and M.B. Sobell, Alcohol Timeline Followback (TFLB). Handbook of Psychiatric Measures, ed. A.P.A. (Ed.). 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"402_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(96)01263-X","volume":"42","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sobell LC, et al. The reliability of the Alcohol Timeline Followback when administered by telephone and by computer. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1996;42:49\u201354.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000018972","volume":"5","author":"G Mundle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mundle G, et al. Treatment outcome in alcoholism - a comparison of self-report and the biological markers carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Eur Addict Res. 1999;5(2):91\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-013-9416-8","volume":"9","author":"M Hastedt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hastedt M, et al. Detecting alcohol abuse: traditional blood alcohol markers compared to ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) measurement in hair. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2013;9(4):471\u20137.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags065","volume":"47","author":"A Helander","year":"2012","unstructured":"Helander A, P\u00e9ter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG\/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;47(5):552\u20137.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"402_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavery, I. and P. Ingram, Venepuncture: best practice. Nurs Stand, 2005. 19(49): p. 55\u201365; quiz 66.","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2005.08.19.49.55.c3936"},{"key":"402_CR11","unstructured":"Medicine, A.S.f.A., Drug Testing: A White Paper of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). 2013, Chevy Chase, MD."},{"issue":"10","key":"402_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000091224.78880.47","volume":"27","author":"JP Allen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allen JP, Litten RZ. Recommendations on use of biomarkers in alcoholism treatment trials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27(10):1667\u201370.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"402_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Alladio, E., et al., Evaluation of direct and indirect ethanol biomarkers using a likelihood ratio approach to identify chronic alcohol abusers for forensic purposes. Forensic Science International, 2017. 271: p. 13-22. Findings from this study evidenced novel methods to confirm alcohol abstinence and exposure via detection of Ets, Etg, and Peth.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.019"},{"key":"402_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Andresen-Streichert, H., et al., Alcohol Biomarkers in Clinical and Forensic Contexts. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2018. 115(18): p. 309-315. This review outlined available biomarkers for alcohol use and information on their sensitivity, specificity, and detection window for alcohol use. Particularly, this review outlined methods and implications for blood biomarkers in clinical and laboratory contexts.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2018.0309"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00192.x","volume":"15","author":"RF Leeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leeman RF, et al. Ethanol consumption: how should we measure it? Achieving consilience between human and animal phenotypes. Addict Biol. 2010;15(2):109\u201324.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220971562","volume":"246","author":"CT Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng CT, et al. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: a biomarker of fetal alcohol exposure and effect. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2021;246(4):380\u20136.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh003","volume":"39","author":"S Arad\u00f3ttir","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arad\u00f3ttir S, Moller K, Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol formation and degradation in human and rat blood. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39(1):8\u201313.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/15504260802628684","volume":"5","author":"RK Kalapatapu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalapatapu RK, Chambers R. Novel objective biomarkers of alcohol use: potential diagnostic and treatment management tools in dual diagnosis care. J Dual Diagn. 2009;5(1):57\u201382.","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198713050-00001","volume":"13","author":"NH Holford","year":"1987","unstructured":"Holford NH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987;13(5):273\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"6","key":"402_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70035-6","volume":"115","author":"PY Kwo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kwo PY, et al. Gender differences in alcohol metabolism: relationship to liver volume and effect of adjusting for body mass. Gastroenterology. 1998;115(6):1552\u20137.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3282f30564","volume":"11","author":"P Meier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meier P, Seitz HK. Age, alcohol metabolism and liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11(1):21\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800402239624","volume":"4","author":"MS Sommers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sommers MS, et al. Laboratory measures of alcohol (ethanol) consumption: strategies to assess drinking patterns with biochemical measures. Biol Res Nurs. 2003;4(3):203\u201317.","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(84)90008-9","volume":"1","author":"AW Jones","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jones AW. Interindividual variations in the disposition and metabolism of ethanol in healthy men. Alcohol. 1984;1(5):385\u201391.","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)91507-5","volume":"142","author":"L Gustavsson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gustavsson L, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in rat brain by phospholipase D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;142(3):958\u201363.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"402_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14788","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114788","volume":"13","author":"G Viel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viel G, et al. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(11):14788\u2013812.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00185.x","volume":"15","author":"FM Wurst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wurst FM, et al. Phosphatidylethanol: normalization during detoxification, gender aspects and correlation with other biomarkers and self-reports. Addict Biol. 2010;15(1):88\u201395.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01618.x","volume":"36","author":"FM Wurst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wurst FM, et al. Characterization of sialic acid index of plasma apolipoprotein J and phosphatidylethanol during alcohol detoxification\u2013a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(2):251\u20137.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(02)00021-5","volume":"140","author":"A Varga","year":"2002","unstructured":"Varga A, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;140(2):79\u201383.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa027","volume":"55","author":"J Neumann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neumann J, et al. Performance of PEth compared with other alcohol biomarkers in subjects presenting for occupational and pre-employment medical examination. Alcohol Alcohol. 2020;55(4):401\u20138.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh005","volume":"39","author":"FM Wurst","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wurst FM, et al. Concentration of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair of alcoholics: comparison to other biological state markers and self reported-ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39(1):33\u20138.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2006.00040.x","volume":"12","author":"S Hartmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hartmann S, et al. Phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker: comparison with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Addict Biol. 2007;12(1):81\u20134.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"402_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3458-5","volume":"396","author":"H Gnann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gnann H, et al. Identification of 48 homologues of phosphatidylethanol in blood by LC-ESI-MS\/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396(7):2415\u201323.","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5221-y","volume":"401","author":"A Faller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Faller A, et al. LC-MS\/MS analysis of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spots versus conventional blood specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401(4):1163\u20136.","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"402_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhireva, L.N., et al., Prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure in the state of Texas as assessed by phosphatidylethanol in newborn dried blood spot specimens. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2017. 41(5): p. 1004\u20131011.","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13375"},{"key":"402_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Nguyen, V.L., et al., Evaluation of a novel method for the analysis of alcohol biomarkers: Ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate and phosphatidylethanol. Alcohol, 2018. 67: p. 7-13. Findings from this study suggest the use of EtG, EtS, and PEth as blood biomarkers in detecting abstinence and exposure of alcohol use in clinical and non-clinical settings.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.08.009"},{"issue":"12","key":"402_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.12.2114","volume":"47","author":"V Auw\u00e4rter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Auw\u00e4rter V, et al. Fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of alcohol consumption. Segmental hair analysis of alcoholics, social drinkers, and teetotalers. Clin Chem. 2001;47(12):2114\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"14","key":"402_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540140040024","volume":"276","author":"KM Doyle","year":"1996","unstructured":"Doyle KM, et al. Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in the blood as markers for ethanol intake. JAMA. 1996;276(14):1152\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00323.x","volume":"31","author":"K Borucki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Borucki K, et al. In heavy drinkers, fatty acid ethyl esters remain elevated for up to 99 hours. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(3):423\u20137.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"402_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-6357.2003.00605.x","volume":"98","author":"R Swift","year":"2003","unstructured":"Swift R. Direct measurement of alcohol and its metabolites. Addiction. 2003;98(Suppl 2):73\u201380.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR40","first-page":"30","volume":"28","author":"K Peterson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peterson K. Biomarkers for alcohol use and abuse - a summary. Alcohol Res Health. 2004;28(1):30\u20137.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"402_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(91)90204-A","volume":"8","author":"R Batey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Batey R, Patterson F. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in the ethanol-consuming rat model. Alcohol. 1991;8(6):487\u201390.","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01397-8","volume":"785","author":"EA Hale","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hale EA, et al. Deleterious actions of chronic ethanol treatment on the glycosylation of rat brain clusterin. Brain Res. 1998;785(1):158\u201366.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"402_CR43","first-page":"3153","volume":"10","author":"S Mutlag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mutlag S, et al. The assessment of alcohol effects on red blood cell indices in rats. Drug Invention Today. 2018;10:3153\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Invention Today"},{"key":"402_CR44","unstructured":"Li, Y.-M., et al., Effect of acute alcoholism on hepatic enzymes and oxidation\/antioxidation in rats. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT, 2004. 3: p. 241-4."},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl052","volume":"41","author":"K Puukka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Puukka K, et al. Age-related changes on serum ggt activity and the assessment of ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41(5):522\u20137.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02542.x","volume":"26","author":"KM Conigrave","year":"2002","unstructured":"Conigrave KM, et al. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO\/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(3):332\u20139.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"402_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.12.2029","volume":"37","author":"H Stibler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stibler H. Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin in Serum: a New Marker of Potentially Harmful Alcohol Consumption Reviewed. Clin Chem. 1991;37(12):2029\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"402_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01216.x","volume":"100","author":"B Hock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hock B, et al. Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction. 2005;100(10):1477\u201386.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10","key":"402_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01216.x","volume":"100","author":"B Hock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hock B, et al. Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), \u03b3- glutamyltransferase (\u03b3-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction. 2005;100(10):1477\u201386.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10","key":"402_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00395.x","volume":"17","author":"GA Berlakovich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berlakovich GA, et al. Pretransplant screening of sobriety with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in patients suffering from alcoholic cirrhosis. Transpl Int. 2004;17(10):617\u201321.","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"402_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54a","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01746.x","volume":"20","author":"RF Anton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anton RF. The use of carbohydrate deficient transferrin as an indicator of alcohol consumption during treatment and follow-up. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(8 Suppl):54a\u20136a.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"402_CR52","first-page":"1202","volume":"24","author":"P Sillanaukee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sillanaukee P, et al. Enhanced clinical utility of gamma-CDT in a general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24(8):1202\u20136.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR53","first-page":"908","volume":"22","author":"GJ Meerkerk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meerkerk GJ, et al. The specificity of the CDT assay in general practice: the influence of common chronic diseases and medication on the serum CDT concentration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(4):908\u201313.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"402_CR54","first-page":"1769","volume":"47","author":"RF Anton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anton RF, et al. Comparison of Bio-Rad %CDT TIA and CDTect as laboratory markers of heavy alcohol use and their relationships with gamma-glutamyltransferase. Clin Chem. 2001;47(10):1769\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"402_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02182.x","volume":"25","author":"A DiMartini","year":"2001","unstructured":"DiMartini A, et al. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in abstaining patients with end-stage liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(12):1729\u201333.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"402_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-97","volume":"14","author":"KJ Fagan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fagan KJ, et al. Diagnostic sensitivity of carbohydrate deficient transferrin in heavy drinkers. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:97.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR57","first-page":"492","volume":"24","author":"JP Allen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Allen JP, et al. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and macrocytic volume as biomarkers of alcohol problems in women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24(4):492\u20136.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"402_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm048","volume":"42","author":"L Chrostek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chrostek L, et al. Relationship between serum sialic acid and sialylated glycoproteins in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol. 2007;42(6):588\u201392.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00485.x","volume":"29","author":"P Sillanaukee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sillanaukee P, P\u00f6nni\u00f6 M, J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen IP. Occurrence of sialic acids in healthy humans and different disorders. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29(5):413\u201325.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"402_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-6357.2003.00582.x","volume":"98","author":"MA Javors","year":"2003","unstructured":"Javors MA, Johnson BA. Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum beta-hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption. Addiction. 2003;98(Suppl 2):45\u201350.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.31","volume":"18","author":"T Nagao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagao T, Hirokawa M. Diagnosis and treatment of macrocytic anemias in adults. J Gen Fam Med. 2017;18(5):200\u20134.","journal-title":"J Gen Fam Med"},{"issue":"8071","key":"402_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90261-1","volume":"1","author":"TP Whitehead","year":"1978","unstructured":"Whitehead TP, Clarke CA, Whitfield AG. Biochemical and haematological markers of alcohol intake. Lancet. 1978;1(8071):978\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"402_CR63","first-page":"1039","volume":"23","author":"P Sillanaukee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sillanaukee P, P\u00f6nni\u00f6 M, Sepp\u00e4 K. Sialic acid: new potential marker of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(6):1039\u201343.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198609000-00005","volume":"65","author":"D Savage","year":"1986","unstructured":"Savage D, Lindenbaum J. Anemia in alcoholics. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986;65(5):322\u201338.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"402_CR65","first-page":"1","volume-title":"xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference","author":"AA Caracioni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Caracioni AA, et al. Iron Deficiency Anemia. In: Enna SJ, Bylund DB, editors., et al., xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. New York: Elsevier; 2007. p. 1\u20134."},{"key":"402_CR66","first-page":"11","volume":"4","author":"CA Northrop-Clewes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. Biomarkers for the differentiation of anemia and their clinical usefulness. J Blood Med. 2013;4:11\u201322.","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"key":"402_CR67","unstructured":"Dasgupta, A., Alcohol and Its Biomarkers : Clinical Aspects and Laboratory Determination. 2015, Saint Louis, UNITED STATES: Elsevier."},{"key":"402_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halvorson, M.R., et al., Comparative evaluation of the clinical utility of three markers of ethanol intake: the effect of gender. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1993. 17(2): p. 225\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00753.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.035","volume":"377","author":"O Niemel\u00e4","year":"2007","unstructured":"Niemel\u00e4 O. Biomarkers in alcoholism. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;377(1):39\u201349.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"8","key":"402_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.8.1641","volume":"40","author":"AS Rosman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosman AS, Lieber CS. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Chem. 1994;40(8):1641\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"402_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324898","volume":"24","author":"JA Cohen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Kaplan MM. The SGOT\/SGPT ratio\u2013an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1979;24(11):835\u20138.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.1.129","volume":"45","author":"MW Whitehead","year":"1999","unstructured":"Whitehead MW, et al. A prospective study of the causes of notably raised aspartate aminotransferase of liver origin. Gut. 1999;45(1):129\u201333.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh074","volume":"39","author":"H Nyblom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nyblom H, et al. High AST\/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking. Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39(4):336\u20139.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR74","first-page":"117","volume":"34","author":"M Botros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Botros M, Sikaris KA. The de ritis ratio: the test of time. Clin Biochem Rev. 2013;34(3):117\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(69)90382-9","volume":"26","author":"L Naftalin","year":"1969","unstructured":"Naftalin L, et al. Observations on the site of origin of serum \u03b3-glutamyl-transpeptidase. Clin Chim Acta. 1969;26(2):297\u2013300.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"402_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00043.x","volume":"18","author":"JP Allen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Allen JP, et al. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a measure of immoderate drinking: remaining issues. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(4):799\u2013812.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"402_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-6357.2003.00581.x","volume":"98","author":"KM Conigrave","year":"2003","unstructured":"Conigrave KM, et al. Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use. Addiction. 2003;98(Suppl 2):31\u201343.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2019.1705853","volume":"41","author":"MH Orum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orum MH, Kara MZ. Platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in alcohol use disorder. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2020;41(2):184\u201394.","journal-title":"J Immunoassay Immunochem"},{"key":"402_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helander, A. and B. Tabakoff, Biochemical markers of alcohol use and abuse: experiences from the Pilot Study of the WHO\/ISBRA Collaborative Project on state and trait markers of alcohol. International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol, 1997. 32(2): p. 133\u201344.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008247"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801083380203","volume":"338","author":"JA Kuivenhoven","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kuivenhoven JA, et al. The role of a common variant of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(2):86\u201393.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"402_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41437-3","volume":"33","author":"M Hannuksela","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hannuksela M, et al. Reduction in the concentration and activity of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein by alcohol. J Lipid Res. 1992;33(5):737\u201344.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000153341.46271.40","volume":"111","author":"SM Boekholdt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boekholdt SM, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB variant, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, cardiovascular risk, and efficacy of pravastatin treatment: individual patient meta-analysis of 13,677 subjects. Circulation. 2005;111(3):278\u201387.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0390365","volume":"39","author":"N Waszkiewicz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waszkiewicz N, et al. Glycoconjugates in the detection of alcohol abuse. Biochem Soc Trans. 2011;39(1):365\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"402_CR84","first-page":"E894","volume":"255","author":"JH Tollefson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tollefson JH, Liu A, Albers JJ. Regulation of plasma lipid transfer by the high-density lipoproteins. Am J Physiol. 1988;255(6 Pt 1):E894-902.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"402_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000469011","volume":"42","author":"S Antoniello","year":"1989","unstructured":"Antoniello S, et al. Beta-hexosaminidase activity in alcoholic fatty liver and in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis of the rat. Enzyme. 1989;42(2):68\u201372.","journal-title":"Enzyme"},{"issue":"1","key":"402_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12106","volume":"20","author":"RL Bell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bell RL, et al. Ibudilast reduces alcohol drinking in multiple animal models of alcohol dependence. Addict Biol. 2015;20(1):38\u201342.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"402_CR87","first-page":"1755","volume":"19","author":"MC Petralia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petralia MC, et al. Transcriptomic analysis reveals moderate modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor superfamily genes in alcohol use disorders. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(3):1755\u201362.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"}],"container-title":["Current Addiction Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40429-021-00402-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40429-021-00402-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40429-021-00402-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T11:45:04Z","timestamp":1650282304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40429-021-00402-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-021-00402-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-2952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-2952","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}