{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:09:55Z","timestamp":1773216595006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ultrasound"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-026-01138-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:23:30Z","timestamp":1773138210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasound-guided selective nerve root blocks and caudal epidural injection in the management of lumbar radicular syndrome: a case series with one-year follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danxu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1138_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1796","volume":"25","author":"EN Mutubuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutubuki EN, van Helvoirt H, van Dongen JM, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA, Huygen FJPM, van Tulder MW, Klopper-Kes HAHJ, Ostelo RWJG (2020) Cost-effectiveness of combination therapy (mechanical diagnosis and treatment and transforaminal epidural steroid injections) among patients with an indication for a lumbar herniated disc surgery: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int 25(1):e1796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pri.1796","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"1138_CR2","first-page":"405","volume":"103","author":"AL Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams AL, Leggit JC (2021) Epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbosacral radicular pain. Am Fam Physician 103(7):405\u2013406","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1138_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000443729","volume":"75","author":"BC Ter Meulen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ter Meulen BC, Weinstein H, Ostelo R, Koehler PJ (2016) The epidural treatment of sciatica: its origin and evolution. Eur Neurol 75(1\u20132):58\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000443729","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1138_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00278","volume":"88","author":"KD Riew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Riew KD, Park JB, Cho YS, Gilula L, Patel A, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH (2006) Nerve root blocks in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A minimum five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(8):1722\u20131725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.E.00278","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"1138_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0461-y","volume":"12","author":"G Ramesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramesh G, Meisner OC, Philipp MT (2015) Anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone and meloxicam on *Borrelia burgdorferi*-induced inflammation in neuronal cultures of dorsal root ganglia and myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 12:240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-015-0461-y","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"8","key":"1138_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2247563","volume":"27","author":"T Berta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berta T, Strong JA, Zhang JM, Ji RR (2023) Targeting dorsal root ganglia and primary sensory neurons for the treatment of chronic pain: an update. Expert Opin Ther Targets 27(8):665\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14728222.2023.2247563","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"issue":"4","key":"1138_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract14040119","volume":"14","author":"G Far\u00ec","year":"2024","unstructured":"Far\u00ec G, Mariconda C, Dell\u2019Anna L, Quarta F, Donati D, Sconza C, Ricci V, Varrassi G, Coco V, Manelli A, Spadini E, Giglio MT, Bernetti A (2024) How to evaluate the efficacy of manipulations in spine disorders-a comprehensive review of new and traditional outcome measures. Clin Pract 14(4):1478\u20131495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clinpract14040119","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"1138_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001171","volume":"159","author":"DS Albrecht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albrecht DS, Ahmed SU, Kettner NW, Borra RJH, Cohen-Adad J, Deng H, Houle TT, Opalacz A, Roth SA, Melo MFV, Chen L, Mao J, Hooker JM, Loggia ML, Zhang Y (2018) Neuroinflammation of the spinal cord and nerve roots in chronic radicular pain patients. Pain 159(5):968\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001171","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"24","key":"1138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b43c62","volume":"34","author":"M Sato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sato M, Simizu S, Kadota R, Takahasi H (2009) Ultrasound and nerve stimulation-guided L5 nerve root block. Spine 34(24):2669\u20132673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b43c62","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"1138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9217145","volume":"2017","author":"SC Kao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kao SC, Lin CS (2017) Caudal epidural block: an updated review of anatomy and techniques. BioMed Res Int 2017:9217145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/9217145","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1138_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-02889-3","volume":"25","author":"P Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang P, Chen H, Yu K, Ran X, Wang R, Wu J (2025) Ultrasonography-guided catheter-over-needle insertion for caudal epidural catheter placement in adults: technical considerations. BMC Anesthesiol 25(1):149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-025-02889-3","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1138_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.04.016","volume":"77","author":"A Blanchais","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blanchais A, Le Goff B, Guillot P, Berthelot JM, Glemarec J, Maugars Y (2010) Feasibility and safety of ultrasound-guided caudal epidural glucocorticoid injections. Jt Bone Spine 77(5):440\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.04.016","journal-title":"Jt Bone Spine"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1138_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.08.014","volume":"118","author":"JS Yoon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoon JS, Sim KH, Kim SJ, Kim WS, Koh SB, Kim BJ (2005) The feasibility of color Doppler ultrasonography for caudal epidural steroid injection. Pain 118(1\u20132):210\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2005.08.014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"1138_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040499","volume":"14","author":"CY Hung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hung CY, Wang B, Chang HC, Wu WT, Liu PT, Chang KV, Su DC, Mezian K, Ricci V, \u00d6z\u00e7akar L (2024) Pictorial essay on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of paraspinal muscles for myofascial pain syndrome. Life (Basel) 14(4):499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14040499","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"1138_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091404","volume":"15","author":"TY Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin TY, Chang KV, Wu WT, Mezian K, Ricci V, \u00d6z\u00e7akar L (2025) Ultrasound-guided interventions for neuropathic pain: a narrative pictorial review. Life (Basel, Switzerland) 15(9):1404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15091404","journal-title":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1138_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000113869.13209.03","volume":"29","author":"E Yakut","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yakut E, D\u00fcger T, Oks\u00fcz C, Y\u00f6r\u00fckan S, Ureten K, Turan D, Frat T, Kiraz S, Krd N, Kayhan H, Yakut Y, G\u00fcler C (2004) Validation of the Turkish version of the Oswestry Disability Index for patients with low back pain. Spine 29(5):581\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000113869.13209.03","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1138_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2019.0380","volume":"15","author":"S Thiengwittayaporn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thiengwittayaporn S, Koompong P, Khamrailert S, Wetpiriyakul P (2021) Comparison of clinical outcomes of different rates of infusion in caudal epidural steroid injection: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Spine J 15(2):244\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2019.0380","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1138_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2023.2214445","volume":"40","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Xiao T, Zhang S, Chen Z, Du Z, Qu S, Yang Q (2024) Application of wireless ultrasound for guided caudal anesthesia in children undergoing concealed penis surgery. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 40(4):4589\u20134598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02648725.2023.2214445","journal-title":"Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"1138_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198707000-00012","volume":"66","author":"EJ Krane","year":"1987","unstructured":"Krane EJ, Jacobson LE, Lynn AM, Parrot C, Tyler DC (1987) Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphine. Anesth Analg 66(7):647\u2013653","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"10","key":"1138_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5934","volume":"11","author":"JA Berry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berry JA, Elia C, Saini HS, Miulli DE (2019) A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment. Cureus 11(10):e5934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.5934","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"1138_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.11.030","volume":"122","author":"M Wiegele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiegele M, Marhofer P, L\u00f6nnqvist PA (2019) Caudal epidural blocks in paediatric patients: a review and practical considerations. Br J Anaesth 122(4):509\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2018.11.030","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"1138_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1469-8","volume":"19","author":"G Barham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barham G, Hilton A (2010) Caudal epidurals: the accuracy of blind needle placement and the value of a confirmatory epidurogram. Eur Spine J 19(9):1479\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-010-1469-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"11","key":"1138_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.11.1229","volume":"22","author":"R Klocke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Klocke R, Jenkinson T, Glew D (2003) Sonographically guided caudal epidural steroid injections. J Ultrasound Med 22(11):1229\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/jum.2003.22.11.1229","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1138_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02776-9","volume":"43","author":"J Inklebarger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inklebarger J, Totlis T, Feigl G, Tishukov M, Galanis N (2021) Transverse plane ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injections: sonographic anatomy and stepwise technique. Surg Radiol Anat 43(9):1527\u20131535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-021-02776-9","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"5","key":"1138_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00036-9","volume":"3","author":"MJ Wilby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilby MJ, Best A, Wood E, Burnside G, Bedson E, Short H, Wheatley D, Hill-McManus D, Sharma M, Clark S, Baranidharan G, Price C, Mannion R, Hutchinson PJ, Hughes DA, Marson A, Williamson PR (2021) Surgical microdiscectomy versus transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with sciatica secondary to herniated lumbar disc (NERVES): a phase 3, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. Lancet Rheumatol 3(5):e347\u2013e356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00036-9","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1138_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.72224","volume":"16","author":"A Kale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kale A, Taneja A, Sharma P (2024) A comparative study between selective nerve root blocks versus caudal epidural steroid injection in the management of lumbar radiculopathy. Cureus 16(10):e72224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.72224","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"1138_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.02.001","volume":"8","author":"S Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh S, Kumar S, Chahal G, Verma R (2017) Selective nerve root blocks vs. caudal epidural injection for single level prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc - a prospective randomized study. J Clin Orthop Trauma 8(2):142\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.02.001","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"1138_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-1963-x","volume":"44","author":"DT Murphy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murphy DT, Kavanagh EC, Poynton A, Chan VO, Moynagh MR, Eustace S (2015) MR epidurography: distribution of injectate at caudal epidural injection. Skeletal Radiol 44(4):565\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-014-1963-x","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1138_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.222850","volume":"66","author":"A Kircelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kircelli A, Cansever T, Y\u0131lmaz C (2018) The influence of adjunctive caudal epidural steroid injection on the therapeutic effect of transforaminal epidural steroid injection. Neurol India 66(1):90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.222850","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"2","key":"1138_CR30","first-page":"161","volume":"25","author":"AE Celenlioglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celenlioglu AE, Sencan S, Bilim S, Sancar M, Gunduz OH (2022) Comparison of caudal versus transforaminal epidural steroid injection in post lumbar surgery syndrome after single-level discectomy: a prospective. Randomized Trial Pain physician 25(2):161\u2013169","journal-title":"Randomized Trial Pain physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"1138_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12538","volume":"13","author":"S Evran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evran S, Kayhan A, Baran O, Saygi T, Katar S, Akkaya E, Ozbek MA, \u00c7evik S (2021) The synergistic effect of combined transforaminal and caudal epidural steroid injection in recurrent lumbar disc herniations. Cureus 13(1):e12538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.12538","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"1138_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.24.08643-X","volume":"61","author":"G Salce","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salce G, Ja\u010disko J, Ricci V, Mezian K, \u00d6z\u00e7akar L (2025) EURO-MUSCULUS\/USPRM phantom recipe for (musculoskeletal) interventional ultrasound training. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 61(1):102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S1973-9087.24.08643-X","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1138_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040563","volume":"15","author":"WT Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu WT, Chang KV, Mezian K, Ricci V, \u00d6z\u00e7akar L (2025) Integrating ultrasound-guided injections and peripheral magnetic stimulation in chronic myofascial\/lumbar pain. Life (Basel, Switzerland) 15(4):563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15040563","journal-title":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40477-026-01138-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40477-026-01138-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40477-026-01138-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:23:31Z","timestamp":1773138211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40477-026-01138-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["1138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40477-026-01138-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-7931"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-7931","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no fnancial or other interests that should be known to readers related to this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article utilized secondary data. We collected written permission from authors for the utilization of ultrasonographic images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}