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This study compared four 3D ultrasound (3DUS)-based methods for estimating mid-belly BFlh fascicle length in human cadavers (n\u2009=\u20096 legs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Method 1 and Method 2 assumed straight fascicles within a single longitudinal plane, aligned with the muscle axis and oriented perpendicular to either proximal or distal aponeurosis. Method 3 represented multiplanar trajectory using two connected straight segments, whereas Method 4 further incorporated local in-plane curvature within each segment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Agreement relative to the direct measurement of fascicle length by dissection using Bland\u2013Altman bias and 95% limits of agreement (LoA), together with mean difference. All 3DUS-based estimates showed good agreement with dissection (bias\u2009&lt;\u20097.5%, LoA\u2009&lt;\u200918.8\u00a0mm, mean differences\u2009&lt;\u20097\u00a0mm). Method 3 and Method 4 yielded the lowest bias, narrowest limits of agreement, and smallest mean differences. While repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect, post hoc analysis did not identify significant differences between methods (all p\u2009\u2265\u20090.096). All methods demonstrated good intra-rater repeatability (ICC (3,1)\u2009=\u20090.77\u20130.87) and moderate measurement precision (SEM\u2009=\u20095.51\u20138.74%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, these findings suggest that a two-plane approach yields higher accuracy for BFlh fascicle length measurements than approaches assuming straight fascicles within a single plane.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-026-01203-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:40:26Z","timestamp":1785933626000},"page":"671-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of different approaches to assess fascicle length using 3D ultrasound with cadaveric dissection as a reference for the human biceps femoris long head"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2717-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela Julia","family":"Mantec\u00f3n-Tagarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Weide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2304-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huub","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211041686","volume":"49","author":"CM Dow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dow CM, Timmins RG, Ruddy JD, Williams MD, Maniar N, Hickey JT, Bourne MN, Opar DA (2021) Prediction of hamstring injuries in Australian football using biceps femoris architectural risk factors derived from soccer. 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