{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:02:16Z","timestamp":1791835336101,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eat Weight Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rigid, restrictive eating patterns, fear of gaining weight, body image concerns, but also binge eating episodes with loss of control leading to overweight, at times followed by compensatory measures to control weight, are typical symptoms in eating disorders (EDs). The regulation of food intake in EDs may underlie explicit processes that require cognitive insight and conscious control or be steered by implicit mechanisms that are mostly automatic, rapid, and associated with affective\u2014rather than cognitive\u2014processing. While introspection is not capable of assessing implicit responses, so-called indirect experimental tasks can assess implicit responses underlying a specific behavior by-passing the participant\u2019s consciousness. Here, we aimed to present the current evidence regarding studies on implicit biases to food and body cues in patients with EDs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed a systematic review (PRISMA guidelines). We included controlled studies performed in clinical ED cohorts (vs. healthy control subjects or another control condition, e.g., restrictive vs. binge\/purge AN) and using at least one indirect assessment method of interest.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 115 screened publications, we identified 29 studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria, and present a synthesis of the essential findings and future directions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this emerging field of research, the present work provides cornerstones of evidence highlighting aspects of implicit regulation in eating disorders. Applying both direct (e.g., self-reports) and indirect measures for the assessment of both explicit and implicit responses is necessary for a comprehensive investigation of the interplay between these different regulatory mechanisms and eating behavior. Targeted training of implicit reactions is already in use and represents a useful future tool as an add-on to standard psychotherapeutic treatments in the battle against eating disorders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Evidence level<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>1 (systematic review).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00974-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1596877372000},"page":"1303-1321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Implicit bias to food and body cues in eating disorders: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Paslakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0342-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Deborah","family":"Scholz-Hehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Marie","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"974_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of social cognition","author":"JA Bargh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bargh JA (1994) The Four Horsemen of automaticity: awareness, efficiency, intention, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer RS, Srull TK (eds) Handbook of social cognition. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 1\u201340"},{"issue":"16","key":"974_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.18193","volume":"297","author":"M Alonso-Alonso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alonso-Alonso M, Pascual-Leone A (2007) The right brain hypothesis for obesity. JAMA 297(16):1819\u20131822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.297.16.18193","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8000400105","volume":"4","author":"GS Howard","year":"1980","unstructured":"Howard GS (1980) Response-shift bias: a problem in evaluating interventions with pre\/post self-reports. Eval Rev 4(1):93\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841X8000400105","journal-title":"Eval Rev"},{"key":"974_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.2.265","volume":"74","author":"M Sprangers","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sprangers M, Hoogstraten J (1989) Pretesting effects in retrospective pretest-posttest designs. J Appl Psychol 74:265\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.74.2.265","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820b9395","volume":"43","author":"MB Conroy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conroy MB, Yang K, Elci OU, Gabriel KP, Styn MA, Wang J, Kriska AM, Sereika SM, Burke LE (2011) Physical activity self-monitoring and weight loss: 6-month results of the SMART Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1568\u20131574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820b9395","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"974_CR6","volume-title":"Thinking, fast and slow","author":"D Kahneman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kahneman D (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan, New York"},{"key":"974_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027640","volume":"27","author":"KP Lindgren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindgren KP, Neighbors C, Teachman BA, Wiers RW, Westgate E, Greenwald AG (2013) I drink therefore I am: validating alcohol-related implicit association tests. Psychol Addict Behav 27:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0027640","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"974_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1","volume":"8","author":"F Strack","year":"2004","unstructured":"Strack F, Deutsch R (2004) Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 8:220\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"key":"974_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00648.x","volume":"78","author":"V Job","year":"2010","unstructured":"Job V, Oertig D, Brandst\u00e4tter V, Allemand M (2010) Discrepancies between implicit and explicit motivation and unhealthy eating behavior. J Pers 78:1209\u20131238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00648.x","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"974_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2007.25.5.657","volume":"25","author":"RE Petty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petty RE, Bri\u00f1ol P, DeMarree KG (2007) The Meta-Cognitive Model (MCM) of attitudes: implications for attitude measurement, change, and strength. Soc Cogn 25:657\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2007.25.5.657","journal-title":"Soc Cogn"},{"key":"974_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1348\/014466607X241540","volume":"47","author":"M Friese","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friese M, Hofmann W, W\u00e4nke M (2008) When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. Br J Soc Psychol 47:397\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466607X241540","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.06.004","volume":"51","author":"A Hoefling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoefling A, Strack F (2008) The tempting effect of forbidden foods. High calorie content evokes conflicting implicit and explicit evaluations in restrained eaters. Appetite 51:681\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2008.06.004","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.03.007","volume":"55","author":"EM Veenstra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veenstra EM, de Jong PJ (2010) Restrained eaters show enhanced automatic approach tendencies towards food. Appetite 55:30\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2010.03.007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.03.003","volume":"55","author":"K Houben","year":"2010","unstructured":"Houben K, Roefs A, Jansen A (2010) Guilty pleasures. Implicit preferences for high calorie food in restrained eating. Appetite 55:18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2010.03.003","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803431","volume":"31","author":"A DelParigi","year":"2007","unstructured":"DelParigi A, Chen K, Salbe AD, Hill JO, Wing RR, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA (2007) Successful dieters have increased neural activity in cortical areas involved in the control of behavior. Int J Obes 31:440\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803431","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"974_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21568","volume":"23","author":"KE Demos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Demos KE, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF (2010) Dietary restraint violations influence reward responses in nucleus accumbens and amygdala. J Cogn Neurosci 23:1952\u20131963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2010.21568","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"974_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.06.007","volume":"14","author":"P Bongers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bongers P, Jansen A, Houben K, Roefs A (2013) Happy eating: the Single Target Implicit Association Test predicts overeating after positive emotions. Eat Behav 14:348\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.06.007","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"974_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207309194","volume":"33","author":"MT Conner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conner MT, Perugini M, O\u2019Gorman R, Ayres K, Prestwich A (2007) Relations between implicit and explicit measures of attitudes and measures of behavior: evidence of moderation by individual difference variables. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 33(12):1727\u20131740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167207309194","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"974_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.58","volume":"14","author":"MB Schwartz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schwartz MB, Vartanian LR, Nosek BA, Brownell KD (2006) The Influence of one\u2019s own body weight on implicit and explicit anti-fat bias. Obesity 14:440\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2006.58","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"974_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.12.012","volume":"56","author":"ML Woud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woud ML, Anschutz DJ, Van Strien T, Becker ES (2011) Measuring thinspiration and fear of fat indirectly. A matter of approach and avoidance. Appetite 56:451\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2010.12.012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260802115852","volume":"16","author":"A Ahern","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahern A, Bennett KM, Hetherington M (2008) Internalization of the ultra-thin ideal: positive implicit associations with underweight fashion models are associated with drive for thinness in young women. Eat Disord 16(4):294\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640260802115852","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2011.04.004","volume":"12","author":"AS Juarascio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juarascio AS, Forman EM, Timko CA, Herbert JD, Butryn M, Lowe M (2011) Implicit internalization of the thin ideal as a predictor of increases in weight, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating. Eat Behav 12:207\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2011.04.004","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"974_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.08.010","volume":"11","author":"MK Martinelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinelli MK, Holzinger JB, Chasson GS (2014) Validation of an interpretation bias assessment for body dissatisfaction. Body Image 11:557\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.08.010","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"974_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.03.004","volume":"21","author":"K Misener","year":"2017","unstructured":"Misener K, Libben M (2017) Risk for eating disorders modulates interpretation bias in a semantic priming task. Body Image 21:103\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.03.004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"974_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.365","volume":"37","author":"B Seibt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seibt B, H\u00e4fner M, Deutsch R (2007) Prepared to eat: how immediate affective and motivational responses to food cues are influenced by food deprivation. Eur J Soc Psychol 37:359\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.365","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.10.1105","volume":"55","author":"JPJ Pinel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinel JPJ, Assanand S, Lehman DR (2000) Hunger, eating, and ill health. Am Psychol 55:1105\u20131116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.10.1105","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.04.029","volume":"100","author":"LH Epstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Epstein LH, Salvy SJ, Carr KA, Dearing KK, Bickel WK (2010) Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity. Physiol Behav 100:438\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.04.029","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"974_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.12.005","volume":"15","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heatherton TF, Wagner DD (2011) Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends Cogn Sci 15:132\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2010.12.005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"974_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01458","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1458","volume":"9","author":"C Ralph-Nearman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ralph-Nearman C, Achee M, Lapidus R, Stewart JL, Filik R (2019) A systematic and methodological review of attentional biases in eating disorders: Food, body, and perfectionism. Brain Behav 9:e01458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1458","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"974_CR30","first-page":"1371","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff JAD, Altman DG (2009) PRISMA 2009 flow diagram. PRISMA Statement 6:1371","journal-title":"PRISMA Statement"},{"key":"974_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464","volume":"74","author":"AG Greenwald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JL (1998) Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol 74:1464","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.001","volume":"38","author":"M Rinck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rinck M, Becker ES (2007) Approach and avoidance in fear of spiders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 38:105\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.001","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"974_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2004.10.001","volume":"6","author":"A Roefs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roefs A, Stapert D, Isabella LAS, Wolters G, Wojciechowski F, Jansen A (2005) Early associations with food in anorexia nervosa patients and obese people assessed in the affective priming paradigm. Eat Behav 6:151\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2004.10.001","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"974_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.10.017","volume":"15","author":"VL Spring","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spring VL, Bulik CM (2014) Implicit and explicit affect toward food and weight stimuli in anorexia nervosa. Eat Behav 15:91\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.10.017","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"974_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22843","volume":"51","author":"AR Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith AR, Forrest LN, Velkoff EA, Ribeiro JD, Franklin J (2018) Implicit attitudes toward eating stimuli differentiate eating disorder and non-eating disorder groups and predict eating disorder behaviors. Int J Eat Disord 51:343\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22843","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.08.001","volume":"107","author":"G Paslakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paslakis G, K\u00fchn S, Schaubschl\u00e4ger A, Schieber K, R\u00f6der K, Rauh E, Erim Y (2016) Explicit and implicit approach vs. avoidance tendencies towards high vs. low calorie food cues in patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Appetite 107:171\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2016.08.001","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2019.101496","volume":"65","author":"RAM Neimeijer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neimeijer RAM, Roefs A, Glashouwer KA, Jonker NC, de Jong PJ (2019) Reduced automatic approach tendencies towards task-relevant and task-irrelevant food pictures in Anorexia Nervosa. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 65:101496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2019.101496","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"974_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990377","volume":"40","author":"R Soussignan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soussignan R, Jiang T, Rigaud D, Royet JP, Schaal B (2010) Subliminal fear priming potentiates negative facial reactions to food pictures in women with anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 40:503\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291709990377","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"974_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23046","volume":"52","author":"G Mattavelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mattavelli G, Gallucci A, Schiena G, D\u2019Agostino A, Sassetti T, Bonora S, Bertelli S, Benetti A, Tugnoli E, Ruggiero GM, Sassaroli S, Romero Lauro L, Gambini O, Papagno C (2019) Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates implicit attitudes towards food in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 52:576\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23046","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.046011","volume":"97","author":"FA Cowdrey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cowdrey FA, Finlayson G, Park RJ (2013) Liking compared with wanting for high- and low-calorie foods in anorexia nervosa: aberrant food reward even after weight restoration. Am J Clin Nutr 97:463\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.112.046011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"974_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23064","volume":"52","author":"J Werthmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Werthmann J, Simic M, Konstantellou A, Mansfield P, Mercado D, van Ens W, Schmidt U (2019) Same, same but different: Attention bias for food cues in adults and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 52:681\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23064","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.193","volume":"107","author":"D Hermans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hermans D, Pieters G, Eelen P (1998) Implicit and explicit memory for shape, body weight, and food-related words in patients with anorexia nervosa and nondieting controls. J Abnorm Psychol 107:193\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.193","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291706008129","volume":"36","author":"H-C Friedrich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedrich H-C, Kumari V, Uher R, Riga M, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, Herzog W, Treasure J (2006) Differential motivational responses to food and pleasurable cues in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a startle reflex paradigm. Psychol Med 36:1327\u20131335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291706008129","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"974_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.012","volume":"108","author":"M Deluchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deluchi M, Costa FS, Friedman R, Goncalves R, Bizarro L (2017) Attentional bias to unhealthy food in individuals with severe obesity and binge eating. Appetite 108:471\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101068","volume":"9","author":"G Paslakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paslakis G, K\u00fchn S, Grunert S, Erim Y (2017) Explicit and implicit approach vs. avoidance tendencies towards high vs. low calorie food cues in patients with obesity and active binge eating disorder. Nutrients 9:1068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9101068","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"974_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152271","volume":"11","author":"EJ Leehr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leehr EJ, Schag K, Brinkmann A, Ehlis A-C, Fallgatter AJ, Zipfel S, Giel KE, Dresler T (2016) Alleged approach-avoidance conflict for food stimuli in binge eating disordER. PLoS ONE 11:e0152271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152271","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"974_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23024","volume":"52","author":"T Brockmeyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brockmeyer T, Friederich H-C, K\u00fcppers C, Chowdhury S, Harms L, Simmonds J, Gordon G, Potterton R, Schmidt U (2019) Approach bias modification training in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 52:520\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23024","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2744","author":"T Brockmeyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brockmeyer T, Burdenski K, Anderle A, Voges MM, Vocks S, Schmidt H, W\u00fcnsch-Leiteritz W, Leiteritz A, Friederich H-C (2020) Approach and avoidance bias for thin-ideal and normal-weight body shapes in anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2744","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"974_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22210","volume":"47","author":"AR Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith AR, Joiner TE Jr, Dodd DR (2014) Examining implicit attitudes toward emaciation and thinness in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 47:138\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22210","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.07.002","volume":"175","author":"R Cserj\u00e9si","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cserj\u00e9si R, Vermeulen N, Luminet O, Marechal C, Nef F, Simon Y, L\u00e9n\u00e1rd L (2010) Explicit vs. implicit body image evaluation in restrictive anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 175:148\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.07.002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"974_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000395","volume":"41","author":"J Blechert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blechert J, Ansorge U, Beckmann S, Tuschen-Caffier B (2011) The undue influence of shape and weight on self-evaluation in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and restrained eaters: a combined ERP and behavioral study. Psychol Med 41:185\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291710000395","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2012.654056","volume":"20","author":"T Parling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parling T, Cernvall M, Stewart I, Barnes-Holmes D, Ghaderi A (2012) Using the implicit relational assessment procedure to compare implicit pro-thin\/anti-fat attitudes of patients with anorexia nervosa and non-clinical controls. Eat Disord 20(2):127\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2012.654056","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2974-7","volume":"217","author":"LK Case","year":"2012","unstructured":"Case LK, Wilson RC, Ramachandran VS (2012) Diminished size\u2013weight illusion in anorexia nervosa: evidence for visuo-proprioceptive integration deficit. Exp Brain Res 217:79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2974-7","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"974_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.01.008","volume":"49","author":"T McFarlane","year":"2011","unstructured":"McFarlane T, Urbszat D, Olmsted MP (2011) \u201cI Feel Fat\u201d: an experimental induction of body displacement in disordered eating. Behav Res Ther 49:289\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.01.008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"974_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00036","author":"KK Watson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Watson KK, Werling DM, Zucker N, Platt M (2010) Altered social reward and attention in anorexia nervosa. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00036","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.01.001","volume":"45","author":"A Brauhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brauhardt A, Rudolph A, Hilbert A (2014) Implicit cognitive processes in binge-eating disorder and obesity. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 45:285\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.01.001","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"974_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.10.015","volume":"16","author":"S Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan S, Petr\u00f3czi A (2015) Stimulus-response compatibility tests of implicit preference for food and body image to identify people at risk for disordered eating: a validation study. Eat Behav 16:54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.10.015","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"974_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718000371","volume":"24","author":"JB Purcell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Purcell JB, Winter SR, Breslin CM, White NC, Lowe MR, Coslett HB (2018) Implicit mental motor imagery task demonstrates a distortion of the body schema in patients with eating disorders. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 24:715\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617718000371","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"974_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22981","volume":"52","author":"A Izquierdo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izquierdo A, Plessow F, Becker KR, Mancuso CJ, Slattery M, Murray HB, Hartmann AS, Misra M, Lawson EA, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ (2019) Implicit attitudes toward dieting and thinness distinguish fat-phobic and non-fat-phobic anorexia nervosa from avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder in adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 52:419\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22981","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"974_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00090","author":"J Korn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korn J, Vocks S, Rollins LH, Thomas JJ, Hartmann AS (2020) Fat-phobic and non-fat-phobic anorexia nervosa: a conjoint analysis on the importance of shape and weight. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00090","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.07.013","volume":"95","author":"T Brockmeyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brockmeyer T, Hahn C, Reetz C, Schmidt U, Friederich H-C (2015) Approach bias and cue reactivity towards food in people with high versus low levels of food craving. Appetite 95:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2015.07.013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.08.002","volume":"2","author":"LR Vartanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vartanian LR, Peter Herman C, Polivy J (2005) Implicit and explicit attitudes toward fatness and thinness: the role of the internalization of societal standards. Body Image 2:373\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.08.002","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"974_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.692","volume":"132","author":"B Gawronski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gawronski B, Bodenhausen GV (2006) Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychol Bull 132:692\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.692","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"974_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.01.019","volume":"58","author":"K Ayres","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayres K, Conner MT, Prestwich A, Smith P (2012) Do implicit measures of attitudes incrementally predict snacking behaviour over explicit affect-related measures? Appetite 58:835\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2012.01.019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-016-0108-5","volume":"4","author":"H Eschenbeck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eschenbeck H, Heim-Dreger U, Steinhilber A, Kohlmann C-W (2016) Self-regulation of healthy nutrition: automatic and controlled processes. BMC Psychol 4:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-016-0108-5","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01699","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhu J, Hu Y, Fang Y, Wang G, Cui X, Wang L (2016) The effect of implicit preferences on food consumption: moderating role of ego depletion and impulsivity. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01699","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.117.2.420","volume":"117","author":"W Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann W, Friese M (2008) Impulses got the better of me: Alcohol moderates the influence of implicit attitudes toward food cues on eating behavior. J Abnorm Psychol 117:420\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.117.2.420","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/17437190802617668","volume":"2","author":"W Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann W, Friese M, Wiers RW (2008) Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: a theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychol Rev 2:111\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17437190802617668","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"974_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.10.002","volume":"50","author":"MR Yeomans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yeomans MR, Leitch M, Mobini S (2008) Impulsivity is associated with the disinhibition but not restraint factor from the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Appetite 50:469\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2007.10.002","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803770","volume":"32","author":"R Guerrieri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A (2008) The interaction between impulsivity and a varied food environment: its influence on food intake and overweight. Int J Obes 32:708\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803770","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"974_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.11.008","volume":"49","author":"R Guerrieri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Stankiewicz K, Alberts H, Geschwind N, Martijn C, Jansen A (2007) The influence of trait and induced state impulsivity on food intake in normal-weight healthy women. Appetite 49:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2006.11.008","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.10.016","volume":"47","author":"A Jansen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jansen A, Nederkoorn C, van Baak L, Keirse C, Guerrieri R, Havermans R (2009) High-restrained eaters only overeat when they are also impulsive. Behav Res Ther 47:105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2008.10.016","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"974_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.98","volume":"33","author":"C Nederkoorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nederkoorn C, Guerrieri R, Havermans R (2009) The interactive effect of hunger and impulsivity on food intake and purchase in a virtual supermarket. Int J Obes 33:905\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2009.98","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"974_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.05.013","volume":"53","author":"R Guerrieri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Schrooten M, Martijn C, Jansen A (2009) Inducing impulsivity leads high and low restrained eaters into overeating, whereas current dieters stick to their diet. Appetite 53:93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2009.05.013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.05.009","volume":"45","author":"C Nederkoorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nederkoorn C, Jansen E, Mulkens S, Jansen A (2007) Impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in obese children. Behav Res Ther 45:1071\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2006.05.009","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"974_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.03.003","volume":"77","author":"EM Ellis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ellis EM, Kiviniemi MT, Cook-Cottone C (2014) Implicit affective associations predict snack choice for those with low, but not high levels of eating disorder symptomatology. Appetite 77:124\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2014.03.003","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.07.004","volume":"43","author":"M Friese","year":"2009","unstructured":"Friese M, Hofmann W (2009) Control me or I will control you: Impulses, trait self-control, and the guidance of behavior. J Res Pers 43:795\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.07.004","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"974_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.10.021","volume":"15","author":"SP Goldstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein SP, Forman EM, Meiran N, Herbert JD, Juarascio AS, Butryn ML (2014) The discrepancy between implicit and explicit attitudes in predicting disinhibited eating. Eat Behav 15:164\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.10.021","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"974_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032734","volume":"105","author":"FL Oswald","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oswald FL, Mitchell G, Blanton H, Jaccard J, Tetlock PE (2013) Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: a meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies. J Pers Soc Psychol 105:171\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032734","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2012.11.002","volume":"4","author":"C Eberl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eberl C, Wiers RW, Pawelczack S, Rinck M, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J (2013) Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: Do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? Dev Cogn Neurosci 4:38\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2012.11.002","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"974_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.12.017","volume":"56","author":"K Houben","year":"2011","unstructured":"Houben K, Jansen A (2011) Training inhibitory control. A recipe for resisting sweet temptations. Appetite 56:345\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2010.12.017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.011","volume":"116","author":"K Houben","year":"2011","unstructured":"Houben K, Nederkoorn C, Wiers RW, Jansen A (2011) Resisting temptation: Decreasing alcohol-related affect and drinking behavior by training response inhibition. Drug Alcohol Depend 116:132\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"974_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00875","author":"H Veling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veling H, Aarts H, Stroebe W (2013) Stop signals decrease choices for palatable foods through decreased food evaluation. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00875","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8287.2012.02092.x","volume":"18","author":"H Veling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veling H, Aarts H, Stroebe W (2013) Using stop signals to reduce impulsive choices for palatable unhealthy foods. Br J Health Psychol 18:354\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8287.2012.02092.x","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611400615","volume":"22","author":"RW Wiers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiers RW, Eberl C, Rinck M, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J (2011) Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients\u2019 approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome. Psychol Sci 22(4):490\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797611400615","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"974_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00033","author":"RW Wiers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiers RW, Gladwin TE, Rinck M (2013) Should we train alcohol-dependent patients to avoid alcohol? Front Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00033","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"974_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.014","volume":"109","author":"RC Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams RC, Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD (2017) Training response inhibition to reduce food consumption: mechanisms, stimulus specificity and appropriate training protocols. Appetite 109:11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.04.014","volume":"103","author":"EM Forman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forman EM, Shaw JA, Goldstein SP, Butryn ML, Martin LM, Meiran N, Crosby RD, Manasse SM (2016) Mindful decision making and inhibitory control training as complementary means to decrease snack consumption. Appetite 103:176\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2016.04.014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.11.013","volume":"97","author":"A Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones A, Di Lemma LCG, Robinson E, Christiansen P, Nolan S, Tudur-Smith C, Field M (2016) Inhibitory control training for appetitive behaviour change: a meta-analytic investigation of mechanisms of action and moderators of effectiveness. Appetite 97:16\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.04.007","volume":"94","author":"E Stice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stice E, Yokum S, Veling H, Kemps E, Lawrence NS (2017) Pilot test of a novel food response and attention training treatment for obesity: Brain imaging data suggest actions shape valuation. Behav Res Ther 94:60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2017.04.007","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"974_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031626","volume":"19","author":"E Kemps","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Martin R, Elliott M (2013) Implicit approach\u2013avoidance associations for craved food cues. J Exp Psychol 19:30\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031626","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.820","volume":"90","author":"A Fishbach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fishbach A, Shah JY (2006) Self-control in action: Implicit dispositions toward goals and away from temptations. J Pers Soc Psychol 90:820\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.820","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.09.014","volume":"96","author":"SE Schumacher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schumacher SE, Kemps E, Tiggemann M (2016) Bias modification training can alter approach bias and chocolate consumption. Appetite 96:219\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2015.09.014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.03.016","volume":"126","author":"H Ferentzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferentzi H, Scheibner H, Wiers R, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J, Beisel S, Rinck M (2018) Retraining of automatic action tendencies in individuals with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Appetite 126:66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2018.03.016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.11.017","volume":"85","author":"D Becker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Becker D, Jostmann NB, Wiers RW, Holland RW (2015) Approach avoidance training in the eating domain: testing the effectiveness across three single session studies. Appetite 85:58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2014.11.017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"974_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.09.020","volume":"152","author":"A Haynes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haynes A, Kemps E, Moffitt R (2015) The moderating role of state inhibitory control in the effect of evaluative conditioning on temptation and unhealthy snacking. Physiol Behav 152:135\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.09.020","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"974_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.01.002","volume":"55","author":"N Kakoschke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kakoschke N, Kemps E, Tiggemann M (2017) The effect of combined avoidance and control training on implicit food evaluation and choice. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 55:99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.01.002","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"974_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2382","volume":"23","author":"T Brockmeyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brockmeyer T, Hahn C, Reetz C, Schmidt U, Friederich H-C (2015) Approach bias modification in food craving\u2014a proof-of-concept study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 23:352\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2382","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"974_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013445","volume":"117","author":"N Amir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amir N, Weber G, Beard C, Bomyea J, Taylor CT (2008) The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals. J Abnorm Psychol 117:860\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013445","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"974_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.04.005","volume":"52","author":"KN Boutelle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boutelle KN, Monreal T, Strong DR, Amir N (2016) An open trial evaluating an attention bias modification program for overweight adults who binge eat. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 52:138\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.04.005","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"974_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.078","volume":"53","author":"DM Schardt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schardt DM, Erk S, N\u00fcsser C, N\u00f6then MM, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Treutlein J, Goschke T, Walter H (2010) Volition diminishes genetically mediated amygdala hyperreactivity. NeuroImage 53:943\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.078","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"974_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.06.008","volume":"1","author":"TE Gladwin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gladwin TE, Figner B, Crone EA, Wiers RW (2011) Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation. Dev Cogn Neurosci 1:364\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.06.008","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"974_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.012","volume":"65","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumeister RF (2014) Self-regulation, ego depletion, and inhibition. Neuropsychologia 65:313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00250","volume":"11","author":"KD Vohs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vohs KD, Heatherton TF (2000) Self-regulatory failure: a resource-depletion approach. Psychol Sci 11(3):249\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9280.00250","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"974_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000371714","volume":"84","author":"RT Thibault","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thibault RT, Lifshitz M, Birbaumer N, Raz A (2015) Neurofeedback, self-regulation, and brain imaging: clinical science and fad in the service of mental disorders. PPS 84:193\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000371714","journal-title":"PPS"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2010.532393","volume":"25","author":"TB Tran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tran TB, Matthias Siemer M, Joormann J (2011) Implicit interpretation biases affect emotional vulnerability: a training study. Cogn Emot 25(3):546\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2010.532393","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"974_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.04.011","volume":"124","author":"EM Forman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forman EM, Goldstein SP, Flack D, Evans BC, Manasse SM, Dochat C (2018) Promising technological innovations in cognitive training to treat eating-related behavior. Appetite 124:68\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2017.04.011","journal-title":"Appetite"}],"container-title":["Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-020-00974-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40519-020-00974-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-020-00974-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T23:42:14Z","timestamp":1628379734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40519-020-00974-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-020-00974-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}