{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:58:28Z","timestamp":1770361108437,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eat Weight Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several versions of the Nine-Item ARFID Screen (NIAS) have been developed in recent years to adapt the questionnaire to different languages and clinical samples. An Italian version is still lacking. From the perspective of a highly specialized Eating Disorder Unit in Milano, ARFID\u2019s phenomenology may be mimicked by other peculiar dietary habits or other eating disorders. Screening for this pathological conduct is necessary to assess a correct treatment frame for potentially serious disordered feeding behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical experts in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Dietetics collaborated in the translation process. The whole methodology involved several steps: (I) Italian translation; (II) backward translation from Italian to English; (III) assessing the conformity between the original English and retranslated questionnaires; (IV) testing the translated version on patients; (V) evaluating the degree of comprehensibility of the translated scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Italian version of the NIAS (NIAS-IT) was administered online to 23 consecutive outpatients of a Dietetic department. For the most part, the sample of Italian native speakers found the translated version of the questionnaire to be comprehensible and easy to read.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Italian version of the NIAS is perfectly comprehensible and can be applied to the Italian population for both clinical and research purposes.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Level of Evidence<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-025-01807-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T13:35:58Z","timestamp":1768397758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Italian translation of the Nine-Item ARFID Screen (NIAS-IT) for ARFID surveillance in a dietetic service"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Casati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Prodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vedani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Gesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Boggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Dell\u2019Osso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-023-10063-6","volume":"95","author":"R Calisan Kinter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calisan Kinter R, Ozbaran B, Inal Kaleli I, Kose S, Bildik T, Ghaziuddin M (2024) The sensory profiles, eating behaviors, and quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder and avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder. Psychiatr Q 95(1):85\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-023-10063-6","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"1807_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102440","volume":"68","author":"J Sanchez-Cerezo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanchez-Cerezo J, Neale J, Julius N, Croudace T, Lynn RM, Hudson LD, Nicholls D (2024) Subtypes of avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents: a latent class analysis. EClinicalMedicine 68:102440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102440","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00939-0","volume":"11","author":"L D\u2019Adamo","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Adamo L, Smolar L, Balantekin KN, Taylor CB, Wilfley DE, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE (2023) Prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of probable avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder among adult respondents to the National Eating Disorders Association online screen: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord 11(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-023-00939-0","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1807_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-325189","volume":"109","author":"S Schimansky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schimansky S, Jasim H, Pope L, Hinds P, Fernandez D, Choleva P, Borman AD, Sharples PM, Smallbone T, Atan D (2023) Nutritional blindness from avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder\u2014recommendations for the early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of children at risk from restrictive eating. Arch Dis Child 109(3):181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2022-325189","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1807_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-00973-6","volume":"12","author":"DE MacDonald","year":"2024","unstructured":"MacDonald DE, Liebman R, Trottier K (2024) Clinical characteristics, treatment course and outcome of adults treated for avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) at a tertiary care eating disorders program. J Eat Disord 12(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-00973-6","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1807_CR7","unstructured":"Zanna Valeria, 2025; \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Hospital press release, 2025. https:\/\/img.ospedalebambinogesu.it\/images\/2025\/03\/10\/113147825-1fe8d874-60e7-4ee3-99fd-201f598efa3e.pdf. Accessed 3 Sep 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00706-7","volume":"10","author":"R Bryant-Waugh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bryant-Waugh R, Stern CM, Dreier MJ, Micali N, Cooke LJ, Kuhnle MC, Burton Murray H, Wang SB, Breithaupt L, Becker KR, Misra M, Lawson EA, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ (2022) Preliminary validation of the pica, ARFID and rumination disorder interview ARFID questionnaire (PARDI-AR-Q). J Eat Disord 10(1):179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00706-7","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1807_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23520","volume":"54","author":"H Burton Murray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burton Murray H, Dreier MJ, Zickgraf HF, Becker KR, Breithaupt L, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ (2021) Validation of the nine item ARFID screen (NIAS) subscales for distinguishing ARFID presentations and screening for ARFID. Int J Eat Disord 54(10):1782\u20131792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23520","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1807_CR10","first-page":"288","volume":"22","author":"JE Menzel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menzel JE, Perry TR (2024) Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder: review and recent advances. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ) 22(3):288\u2013300","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"1807_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-024-00336-7","volume":"11","author":"L Casati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casati L, Prodi T, Vedani A, Caruso C, Gesi C, Dell\u2019Osso B (2024) The challenges of avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder and autism spectrum disorder comorbidity: a narrative update of course and outcomes. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry 11:358\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40501-024-00336-7","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"key":"1807_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.10.24304003","author":"M Wronski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wronski M, Kuja-halkola R, Hedlund E, Martini MI, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Mark J, Micali N, Bulik CM, Dinkler L (2024) Co-existing mental and somatic conditions in Swedish children with the avoidant restrictive food intake disorder phenotype. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.10.24304003","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"1807_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001853","volume":"57","author":"I Weeks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weeks I, Abber SR, Thomas JJ, Calabrese S, Kuo B, Staller K, Murray HB (2023) The intersection of disorders of gut-brain interaction with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder. J Clin Gastroenterol 57(7):651\u2013662","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1807_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052889","author":"N Cifra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cifra N, Lomas JM (2022) Differentiating eosinophilic esophagitis and eating\/feeding disorders. Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052889","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1807_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20222151","author":"S Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei S, Li C, Wang Z, Chen Y (2023) Nutritional strategies for intervention of diabetes and improvement of \u03b2-cell function. Biosci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20222151"},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01391-y","volume":"15","author":"A MacDonald","year":"2020","unstructured":"MacDonald A, van Wegberg AMJ, Ahring K, Beblo S, B\u00e9langer-Quintana A, Burlina A, Campistol J, Co\u015fkun T, Feillet F, Gi\u017cewska M, Huijbregts SC, Leuzzi V, Maillot F, Muntau AC, Rocha JC, Romani C, Trefz F, van Spronsen FJ (2020) PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines. Orphanet J Rare Dis 15(1):171","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.11.111","volume":"123","author":"HF Zickgraf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zickgraf HF, Ellis JM (2018) Initial validation of the nine item avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS): a measure of three restrictive eating patterns. Appetite 123:32\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2017.11.111","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1807_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24384","volume":"58","author":"J Carmody","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carmody J, Milliren C, Richmond T, Crowley M, Eldredge O, Jhe G, Freizinger M, Bern E (2025) Caregiver-youth agreement on the nine-item avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder survey. Int J Eat Disord 58:770\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24384","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1807_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3017","author":"MG Billman Miller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Billman Miller MG, Zickgraf HF, Murray HB, Essayli JH, Lane-Loney SE (2023) Validation of the youth-nine item avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder screen. Europ Eat Disord Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.3017","journal-title":"Europ Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1807_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14757","volume":"36","author":"P Van Ouytsel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Ouytsel P, Mikhael-Moussa H, Mion F, Roman S, Gourcerol G, Marion-Letellier R, Piessevaux H, Louis H, Melchior C (2024) Translation of the nine item avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) questionnaire in French (NIAS-Fr). Neurogastroenterol Motil 36(4):e14757","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-00987-0","volume":"12","author":"H \u00d6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc H, Ka\u015fak M, Do\u011fan U, Zickgraf HF, T\u00fcrk\u00e7apar MH (2024) Psychometric properties of the nine-item avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) in Turkish children. J Eat Disord 12(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-00987-0","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1807_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23832","volume":"56","author":"KA Medina-Tepal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Medina-Tepal KA, Vazquez-Arevalo R, Trujillo-ChiVacu\u00e1n EM, Zickgraf HF, Mancilla-D\u00edaz JM (2023) Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the nine item ARFID screen (NIAS) in Mexican youths. Int J Eat Disord 56(4):721\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23832","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1807_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00874-0","volume":"11","author":"F Fekih-Romdhane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fekih-Romdhane F, Hallit R, Malaeb D et al (2023) Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Nine Item Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen (NIAS) in a community sample of adults. J Eat Disord 11:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-023-00874-0","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1807_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120936359","volume":"28","author":"J He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He J, Zickgraf HF, Ellis JM, Lin Z, Fan X (2021) Chinese version of the Nine Item ARFID Screen: psychometric properties and cross-cultural measurement invariance. Assessment 28(2):537\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191120936359","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"15","key":"1807_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153175","volume":"14","author":"B Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska B, Ocalewski J, Zickgraf H, Brytek-Matera A (2022) The Polish version of the Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Questionnaire\u2014Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR) and the Nine Items Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen\u2014Parents Report (NIAS-PR): maternal perspective. Nutrients 14(15):3175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14153175","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"1807_CR26","first-page":"373","volume":"79","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2001) World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bull World Health Organ 79(4):373\u2013374","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1807_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2019.306","volume":"32","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez A, Hidalgo MD, Hambleton RK, G\u00f3mez-Benito J (2020) International Test Commission guidelines for test adaptation: a criterion checklist. Psicothema 32(3):390\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7334\/psicothema2019.306","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"2","key":"1807_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000099","volume":"114","author":"WD Chey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chey WD (2019) Elimination diets for irritable bowel syndrome: approaching the end of the beginning. Am J Gastroenterol 114(2):201\u2013203","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002323","volume":"69","author":"J Robson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robson J, Laborda T, Fitzgerald S, Andersen J, Peterson K, O\u2019Gorman M, Guthery S, Bennett-Murphy L (2019) Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder in diet-treated children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 69(1):57\u201360","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1807_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0160-4","volume":"5","author":"M Fitzgerald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M, Frankum B (2017) Food avoidance and restriction in adults: a cross-sectional pilot study comparing patients from an immunology clinic to a general practice. J Eat Disord 5(1):30","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1807_CR31","volume-title":"Elimination Diets","author":"JC Malone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malone JC, Daley SF (2024) Elimination Diets. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island"},{"issue":"2","key":"1807_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12160","volume":"3","author":"T Archibald","year":"2023","unstructured":"Archibald T, Bryant-Waugh R (2023) Current evidence for avoidant restrictive food intake disorder: implications for clinical practice and future directions. JCPP Adv 3(2):e12160","journal-title":"JCPP Adv"},{"key":"1807_CR33","unstructured":"UniSalute. (n.d.). La met\u00e0 degli italiani segue una dieta, ma pochi si affidano a uno specialista. www.unisalute.it. Accessed 4 Jan 2025."}],"container-title":["Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40519-025-01807-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-025-01807-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-025-01807-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:02:11Z","timestamp":1770307331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40519-025-01807-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-025-01807-3","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1042\/BSR20222151","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1590-1262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"10"}}