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Fasting blood samples were analyzed for incretin levels using ELISA. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using self-assessment scales for eating disorders (EDI-3, EDE-Q), anxiety (STAI-S\u2009+\u2009T), depression (MADRS-S), and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCI-R).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Subjects with AN scored overall higher on psychiatric scales, indicating poorer psychological well-being than HC. In non-weight restored AN (non-WRAN) subjects both serum GLP-1 levels (29 (15\u201385) vs 16 (15\u201321) pg\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048) as well as serum GIP levels (37 (14\u2013163) vs 5 (2\u201358) pmol\/L;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048) were elevated compared to HC. No differences were found in glucagon or PYY levels between groups. A strong correlation between serum GLP-1 levels and EDI-perfectionism independent of BMI (r\u2009=\u20090.768,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) was found in the entire group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Independent of BMI, GLP-1 levels were associated with perfectionism, a typical characteristic of AN. Fasting GLP-1 levels were elevated in subjects with non-WRAN. Elevated GLP-1 levels may perpetuate AN symptoms, emphasizing the need for further research into their role in the metabolic and psychiatric dimensions of AN.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Level of evidence<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed case\u2013control analytic studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-026-01831-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T19:23:48Z","timestamp":1772565828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLP-1 is associated with perfectionism in Swedish women with anorexia nervosa, independent of BMI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Elm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Petersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Brudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Marteinsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"Wanby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.07.010","volume":"32","author":"CM Bulik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bulik CM, Carroll IM, Mehler P (2021) Reframing anorexia nervosa as a metabo-psychiatric disorder. 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