{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:04:50Z","timestamp":1786122290972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":64,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1128317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1128317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"The University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eat Weight Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary restraint often increases or remains unchanged following adolescent weight management interventions. It is unknown whether dietary restraint change in such interventions is associated with binge eating risk or intervention adherence. This study examined associations between (1) dietary restraint, measured using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ); (2) changes in dietary restraint and binge eating; and (3) changes in dietary restraint, anthropometry, and adherence throughout a weight management intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary data analysis of a clinical trial of behavioural weight management interventions involving adolescents (13\u201317\u00a0years) with obesity and related complications. Associations between dietary restraint, binge eating, and BMI z-score were examined using Pearson or Spearman\u2019s rank correlation. Differences in dietary restraint change between adherers and non-adherers were examined by independent samples t-tests or Mann\u2013Whitney U tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      141 adolescents (14.8\u00a0years, 49.6% female) were recruited; 136 had baseline, 130\u00a0week-4, 120\u00a0week-16, and 92\u00a0week-52 data included in analyses. EDE-Q and DEBQ restraint scores were correlated at all timepoints (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.442\u20130.579, all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Changes in dietary restraint and binge eating from baseline to week-4 and week-16 were not correlated. Week-52 change in DEBQ dietary restraint was associated with change in binge eating (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.347,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Correlations between changes in dietary restraint and BMI z-score and differences in change in dietary restraint between adherers and non-adherers were not significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings do not provide robust evidence of dietary restraint as a marker of adherence or binge eating risk during a behavioural weight management intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case\u2013control analytic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-026-01876-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:54:54Z","timestamp":1780552494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary restraint, binge eating and adherence to an adolescent intensive behavioural weight management intervention: a Fast Track to Health sub-study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve T.","family":"House","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie B.","family":"Lister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4521-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise A.","family":"Baur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7552-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah P.","family":"Garnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan L.","family":"Gow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8623-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiba","family":"Jebeile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Fast Track to Health study team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1876_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12134","volume":"6","author":"K Schaumberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaumberg K, Anderson DA, Anderson LM, Reilly EE, Gorrell S (2016) Dietary restraint: what\u2019s the harm? A review of the relationship between dietary restraint, weight trajectory and the development of eating pathology. Clin Obes 6(2):89\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cob.12134","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"1876_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000400","volume":"128","author":"E Stice","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stice E, Van Ryzin MJ (2019) A prospective test of the temporal sequencing of risk factor emergence in the dual pathway model of eating disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 128(2):119\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000400","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1876_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa127","volume":"79","author":"ET House","year":"2021","unstructured":"House ET, Gow ML, Lister NB, Baur LA, Garnett SP, Paxton SJ et al (2021) Pediatric weight management, dietary restraint, dieting, and eating disorder risk: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 79(10):1114\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa127","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1876_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"5","author":"T van Strien","year":"1986","unstructured":"van Strien T, Frijters JER, Bergers GPA, Defares PB (1986) The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord 5(2):295\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1098-108X(198602)5:2%3c295::AID-EAT2260050209%3e3.0.CO;2-T","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1876_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"16","author":"CG Fairburn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ (1994) Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord 16(4):363\u2013370.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4%3C363::AID-EAT2260160405%3E3.0.CO;2-%23","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"1876_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac120","volume":"6","author":"LH Epstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Epstein LH (2022) A brief history and future of the Traffic Light Diet. Curr Dev Nutr 6(9):nzac120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cdn\/nzac120","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1876_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2869","volume":"178","author":"NB Lister","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lister NB, Baur LA, House ET, Alexander S, Brown J, Collins CE et al (2024) Intermittent energy restriction for adolescents with obesity: the Fast Track to Health randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 178(10):1006\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2869","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1876_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2851","volume":"178","author":"H Jebeile","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jebeile H, Baur LA, Kwok C, Alexander S, Brown J, Collins CE et al (2024) Symptoms of depression, eating disorders, and binge eating in adolescents with obesity: The Fast Track to Health randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 178(10):996\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2851","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1876_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000551890","author":"NB Lister","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lister NB, Baur LA, Gow ML, House ET, Kwok C, Varady KA et al (2026). Psychosocial outcomes of the Fast Track to Health clinical trial in adolescents with obesity Obes Facts. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000551890","journal-title":"Psychosocial outcomes of the Fast Track to Health clinical trial in adolescents with obesity Obes Facts."},{"issue":"1","key":"1876_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.11.005","volume":"14","author":"NB Lister","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lister NB, Jebeile H, Truby H, Garnett SP, Varady KA, Cowell CT et al (2020) Fast Track to Health \u2014 intermittent energy restriction in adolescents with obesity. A randomised controlled trial study protocol. Obes Res Clin Pract 14(1):80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.11.005","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1876_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.009","volume":"158","author":"EE Haroz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haroz EE, Ybarra ML, Eaton WW (2014) Psychometric evaluation of a self-report scale to measure adolescent depression: the CESDR-10 in two national adolescent samples in the United States. J Affect Disord 158:154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1876_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22199","volume":"47","author":"HJ White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White HJ, Haycraft E, Goodwin H, Meyer C (2014) Eating disorder examination questionnaire: factor structure for adolescent girls and boys. Int J Eat Disord 47(1):99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22199","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1876_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0968(199806)6:2<115::AID-ERV222>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"6","author":"K Halvarsson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Halvarsson K, Sj\u00f6d\u00e9n P-O (1998) Psychometric properties of the Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire (DEBQ) among 9\u201310-year-old Swedish girls. Eur Eat Disord Rev 6(2):115\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0968(199806)6:2%3c115::AID-ERV222%3e3.0.CO;2-M","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1876_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90024-7","volume":"7","author":"J Gormally","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gormally J, Black S, Daston S, Rardin D (1982) The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addict Behav 7(1):47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90024-7","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"1876_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10178","volume":"34","author":"P Isnard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Isnard P, Michel G, Frelut M-L, Vila G, Falissard B, Naja W et al (2003) Binge eating and psychopathology in severely obese adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 34(2):235\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.10178","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1876_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1372-1","volume":"4","author":"F Cuzzocrea","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuzzocrea F, Costa S, Larcan R, Toffle ME (2015) Differences between adolescents exhibiting moderate binging and non-binging eating behaviors. Springerplus 4(1):593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-015-1372-1","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"19","key":"1876_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193100","volume":"17","author":"H Jebeile","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jebeile H, House ET, Baur LA, Kwok C, Collins CE, Garnett SP et al (2025) Dieting practices of adolescents seeking obesity treatment. Nutrients 17(19):3100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17193100","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"1876_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000429","volume":"29","author":"KE Hagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagan KE, Forbush KT, Chen PY (2017) Is dietary restraint a unitary or multi-faceted construct? Psychol Assess 29(10):1249\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000429","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"1876_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198701)6:1<1::AID-EAT2260060102>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"6","author":"Z Cooper","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cooper Z, Fairburn C (1987) The eating disorder examination: a semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 6(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1098-108X(198701)6:1%3c1::AID-EAT2260060102%3e3.0.CO;2-9","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1876_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.6.807","volume":"154","author":"Z Cooper","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cooper Z, Cooper PJ, Fairburn CG (1989) The validity of the eating disorder examination and its subscales. Br J Psychiatry 154:807\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.154.6.807","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1876_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23721","volume":"55","author":"PE Jenkins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jenkins PE, Rienecke RD (2022) Structural validity of the Eating Disorder Examination\u2014Questionnaire: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 55(8):1012\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23721","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1876_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.156","volume":"36","author":"F Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson F, Pratt M, Wardle J (2012) Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior. Int J Obes 36(5):665\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2011.156","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1876_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.12.015","volume":"134","author":"M Miguet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miguet M, Masurier J, Chaput JP, Pereira B, Lambert C, D\u00e2maso AR et al (2019) Cognitive restriction accentuates the increased energy intake response to a 10-month multidisciplinary weight loss program in adolescents with obesity. Appetite 134:125\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2018.12.015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"2","key":"1876_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000496940","volume":"12","author":"\u00d6 Albayrak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albayrak \u00d6, Pott W, Hebebrand J, de Zwaan M, Pauli-Pott U (2019) Baseline dietary restraint predicts negative treatment outcomes after 12 months in children and adolescents with obesity participating in a lifestyle intervention. Obes Facts 12(2):179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496940","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"1876_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf163","author":"MA Casari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Casari MA, Pires VP, Pureza IM, Busnello FM (2025) Does restriction lead to binge eating? A scoping review on restrictive diets in the development and maintenance of Binge Eating Disorder. Nutr Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf163","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1876_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051085","volume":"15","author":"H Jebeile","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jebeile H, McMaster CM, Johnson BJ, Garnett SP, Paxton SJ, Seidler AL et al (2023) Identifying factors which influence eating disorder risk during behavioral weight management: a consensus study. Nutrients 15(5):1085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15051085","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01876-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01876-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01876-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:10:01Z","timestamp":1786093801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01876-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01876-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Fast Track to Health trial was approved by the Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital Network Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC\/17\/SCHN\/164). All parents provided written informed consent and adolescents agreed to participate prior to commencing the trial.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LAB has received speakers\u2019 fees from Novo Nordisk and Lilly, with funds directed to the hospital cost centre, LAB serves as a member of the Eli Lilly Advisory Committee outside the submitted work. CK has received travel support from Novo Nordisk to present findings from the ACTION Teens study at a conference. Other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"73"}}