{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:24:54Z","timestamp":1792783494766,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":102,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jr1s763","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eat Weight Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Body mass index (BMI) standard deviation scores (SDS) are essential for age- and sex-adjusted assessments in pediatric populations, including growth trajectories. Their accuracy depends on the use of population-specific reference data, as BMI distributions vary substantially across countries. Despite the availability of internationally recognized growth standards, no accessible computational tool tailored to Italian normative data has been previously described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper describes the development and validation of an interactive, freely accessible web-based calculator for deriving BMI-SDS in Italian children and adolescents, based on the nationally representative Cacciari et al. (2006) growth reference dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BMI-SDS computation is based on the LMS parameterization of Italian reference curves, which provide sex-specific L (skewness), M (median), and S (coefficient of variation) values at half-year age intervals from 2 to 20\u00a0years for a nationally representative Italian sample of approximately 70,000 children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The tool was implemented in R using the Shiny web application framework and is hosted at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/turius.shinyapps.io\/BMI_SDS_IT\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/turius.shinyapps.io\/BMI_SDS_IT\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . Given user-entered weight, height, age, and sex, the tool computes BMI (kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), derives the corresponding BMI-SDS and returns i) age- and sex-adjusted BMI-SDS; ii) the corresponding percentile; iii) a graphical representation of the individual's position on the reference distribution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tool offers a straightforward, clinician- and researcher-friendly interface for computing age- and sex-standardized BMI scores using Italian-specific references, supporting more accurate weight-status classification in both clinical practice and epidemiological research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-026-01887-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:12:52Z","timestamp":1783069972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An interactive web-based tool for computing BMI standard deviation scores in Italian children and adolescents using national growth references"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Tarchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mattesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Dani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"D\u2019Areglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Castellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdo","family":"Ricca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1887_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344156","volume":"29","author":"E Cacciari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cacciari E et al (2006) Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr). J Endocrinol Invest 29(7):581\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03344156","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1887_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.01.002","volume":"30","author":"H Himmerich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Himmerich H, Treasure J (2024) Anorexia nervosa: diagnostic, therapeutic, and risk biomarkers in clinical practice. Trends Mol Med 30(4):350\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.01.002","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"1887_CR3","unstructured":"Shypailo R. \u201cAge-based Pediatric Growth Reference Charts.\u201d https:\/\/www.bcm.edu\/bodycomplab\/BMIapp\/BMI-calculator-kids.html. Accessed 13 Mar 2026"},{"issue":"17","key":"1887_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253666","volume":"135","author":"C Hemmelmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hemmelmann C, Brose S, Vens M, Hebebrand J, Ziegler A (2010) Perzentilen des Body-Mass-Index auch f\u00fcr 18- bis 80-J\u00e4hrige? Daten der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie II. DMW - Dtsch Med Wochenschr 135(17):848\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1253666","journal-title":"DMW - Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"1887_CR5","unstructured":"Growth reference 5\u201319 years - BMI-for-age (5\u201319 years). https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years\/indicators\/bmi-for-age. Accessed 13 Mar 2026"},{"key":"1887_CR6","unstructured":"Calculate body mass index (BMI) for children and teenagers - NHS, nhs.uk.. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/health-assessment-tools\/calculate-your-body-mass-index\/calculate-bmi-for-children-teenagers. Accessed 13 Mar 2026"},{"key":"1887_CR7","unstructured":"Chiaramello P. Growth Calculator. IT. SIEDP, Eli Lilly, Turin, Italy. https:\/\/www.weboriented.it\/gh4\/. Accessed 19 Mar 2026"},{"key":"1887_CR8","unstructured":"R Core Team (2025) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"1887_CR9","unstructured":"Chang W et al (2026) Shiny: Web Application Framework for R. https:\/\/shiny.posit.co\/"},{"issue":"43","key":"1887_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham H et al (2019) Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Source Softw 4(43):1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"}],"container-title":["Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01887-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01887-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01887-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:07:35Z","timestamp":1791907655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01887-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-026-01887-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The project does not involve testing on human subjects, user studies, or gathering data from users. The software analyzes or utilizes data that are already in the public domain and fully anonymized. The project does not process personally identifiable information or sensitive data. The software is not a diagnostic tool or part of a clinical trial.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"86"}}