{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T21:43:25Z","timestamp":1775339005087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aging Clin Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T10:59:47Z","timestamp":1462445987000},"page":"1203-1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The role of pre-morbid intelligence and cognitive reserve in predicting cognitive efficiency in a sample of Italian elderly"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Alessandro O.","family":"Caff\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Spano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Saracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Stasolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignazio","family":"Grattagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio E.","family":"Lancioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67889-0","volume":"366","author":"CP Ferri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C et al (2005) Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 366:2112\u20132117","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"580_CR2","first-page":"63","volume":"59","author":"G Carnazzo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carnazzo G, Santangelo A, Maugeri D et al (2011) Elderly boom. Future health care crisis: analysis and proposals. G Gerontol 59:63\u201370","journal-title":"G Gerontol"},{"key":"580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","volume":"56","author":"RC Petersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC et al (1999) Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 56:303\u2013308","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.7.1160","volume":"62","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Morris JC (2005) Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Arch Neurol 62:1160\u20131163","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","volume":"8","author":"Y Stern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stern Y (2002) What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8:448\u2013460","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","volume":"47","author":"Y Stern","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stern Y (2009) Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 47:2015\u20132028","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1006","key":"580_CR7","first-page":"1012","volume":"11","author":"Y Stern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stern Y (2012) Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 11(1006):1012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20637","volume":"58","author":"M Richards","year":"2005","unstructured":"Richards M, Deary IJ (2005) A life course approach to cognitive reserve: a model for cognitive aging and development? Ann Neurol 58:617\u2013622","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR9","first-page":"315","volume":"39","author":"C Chicherio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chicherio C, Ludwig C, Borella E (2012) La capacit\u00e0 di riserva cognitiva e cerebrale nell\u2019invecchiamento cognitivo. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 39:315\u2013339","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Psicologia"},{"key":"580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.13","volume":"43","author":"R Katzman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Katzman R (1993) Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 43:13\u201320","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017726","volume":"25","author":"DD Garrett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garrett DD, Grady CL, Hasher L (2010) Everyday memory compensation: the impact of cognitive reserve, subjective memory, and stress. Psychol Aging 25:74\u201383","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005461","volume":"27","author":"B Schmand","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schmand B, Smith JH, Geerlings MI et al (1997) The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia. A test of the brain reserve hypothesis. Psychol Med 27:1337\u20131344","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2006.00005.x","volume":"1","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salthouse TA (2006) Mental exercise and mental aging: evaluating the validity of the \u00abuse it or lose it\u00bb hypothesis. Perspect Psychol Sci 1:68\u201387","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.359","volume":"60","author":"N Scarmeas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scarmeas N, Zarahn E, Anderson K et al (2003) Association of life activities with cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer Disease. Implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Arch Neurol 60:359\u2013365","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.16.3.466","volume":"16","author":"C Schooler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schooler C, Mulatu MS (2001) The reciprocal effects of leisure time activities and intellectual functioning in older people: a longitudinal analysis. Psychol Aging 16:466\u2013482","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271087.67782.cb","volume":"69","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson RS, Scherr PA, Schneider JA et al (2007) Relation of cognitive activity to risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Neurology 69:1911\u20131920","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.12.1749","volume":"64","author":"EP Helzner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Helzner EP, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S et al (2007) Leisure activity and cognitive decline in incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 64:1749\u20131754","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR18","first-page":"155","volume":"1","author":"M Nucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nucci M, Mondini S, Mapelli D (2012) Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI). Un questionario per la valutazione della riserva cognitiva. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 1:155\u2013174","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Psicologia"},{"key":"580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03654795","volume":"24","author":"M Nucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nucci M, Mapelli D, Mondini S (2012) The Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring the cognitive reserve. Aging Clin Exp Res 24:218\u2013226","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.2.165","volume":"154","author":"GE Alexander","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alexander GE, Furey ML, Grady CL et al (1997) Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 154:165\u2013172","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701300524","volume":"30","author":"RE Green","year":"2008","unstructured":"Green RE, Melo B, Christensen B et al (2008) Measuring premorbid IQ in traumatic brain injury: an examination of the validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30:163\u2013172","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80049-5","volume":"14","author":"HE Nelson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nelson HE, O\u2019Connell A (1978) Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex 14:234\u2013244","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"580_CR23","first-page":"613","volume":"3","author":"L Colombo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colombo L, Sartori G, Brivio C (2002) Stima del quoziente intellettivo tramite l\u2019applicazione del TIB (Test Breve di Intelligenza). Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 3:613\u2013638","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Psicologia"},{"key":"580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1996.tb00423.x","volume":"3","author":"E Magni","year":"1996","unstructured":"Magni E, Binetti G, Bianchetti A et al (1996) Mini-Mental State Examination: a normative study in Italian elderly population. Eur J Neurol 3:198\u2013202","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V et al (2005) The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:695\u2013699","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.6.566","volume":"140","author":"CP Hughes","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL (1982) A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 140:566\u2013572","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1983.tb03391.x","volume":"31","author":"S Katz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Katz S (1983) Assessing self-maintenance: activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. J Am Geriatr Soc 31:721\u2013727","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","volume":"9","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawton MP, Brody EM (1969) Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9:179\u2013186","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"580_CR29","volume-title":"Modelli di Equazioni Strutturali: Temi e Prospettive","author":"C Barbaranelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbaranelli C, Ingoglia S (2013) Modelli di Equazioni Strutturali: Temi e Prospettive. Led, Milano"},{"key":"580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179","volume-title":"Structural equations with latent variables","author":"KA Bollen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bollen KA (1989) Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1921-3","volume":"36","author":"S Conti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conti S, Bonazzi S, Laiacona M et al (2015) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)\u2014Italian version: regression based norms and equivalent scores. Neurol Sci 36:209\u2013214","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000217","volume":"31","author":"F Pirrotta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pirrotta F, Timpano F, Bonanno L et al (2015) Italian validation of Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Eur J Psychol Assess 31:131\u2013137","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1995-y","volume":"36","author":"G Santangelo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santangelo G, Siciliano M, Pedone R (2015) Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 36:585\u2013591","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-014-0224-0","volume":"26","author":"S Mondini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mondini S, Guarino R, Jarema G et al (2014) Cognitive reserve in a cross-cultural population: the case of Italian emigrants in Montreal. Aging Clin Exp Res 26:655\u2013659","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.614.14581","volume":"25","author":"M Richards","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richards M, Sacker A (2003) Lifetime antecedents of cognitive reserve. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 25:614\u2013624","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.016","volume":"34","author":"GE Lancioni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lancioni GE, Perilli V, O\u2019Reilly MF et al (2013) Technology-based orientation programs to support indoor travel by persons with moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: impact assessment and social validation. Res Dev Disabil 34:286\u2013293","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.12.003","volume":"35","author":"AO Caff\u00f2","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caff\u00f2 AO, Hoogeveen F, Groenendaal M et al (2014) Comparing two different orientation strategies for promoting indoor traveling in people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Res Dev Disabil 35:572\u2013580","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"580_CR38","first-page":"81","volume":"59","author":"A Bordin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bordin A, Pazzaglia F, Busato V et al (2001) Training program for the improvement of sense of direction and spatial orientation in aged people. Giornale Di Gerontologia 59:81\u201388","journal-title":"Giornale Di Gerontologia"},{"key":"580_CR39","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Working memory: capacity, developments and improvement techniques","author":"AO Caff\u00f2","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caff\u00f2 AO, Picucci L, Di Masi MN et al (2011) Working memory components and virtual reorientation: a dual-task study. In: Levin ES (ed) Working memory: capacity, developments and improvement techniques. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppage, pp 249\u2013266"},{"key":"580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-009-0321-8","volume":"10","author":"L Picucci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Picucci L, Caff\u00f2 AO, Bosco A (2009) Age and sex differences in a virtual version of the reorientation task. Cogn Process 10:272\u2013275","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2011.01.005","volume":"31","author":"L Picucci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Picucci L, Caff\u00f2 AO, Bosco A (2011) Besides navigation accuracy: gender differences in strategy selection and level of spatial confidence. J Environ Psychol 31:430\u2013438","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181b972e8","volume":"18","author":"RN Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones RN, Fong TG, Metzger E et al (2010) Aging, brain disease, and reserve: implications for delirium. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18:117\u2013127","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001748","volume":"17","author":"RN Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones RN, Manly J, Glymour M et al (2011) Conceptual and measurement challenges in research on cognitive reserve. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 17:593\u2013601","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170600938X","volume":"37","author":"MJ Valenzuela","year":"2007","unstructured":"Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P (2007) Assessment of complex mental activity across the lifespan: development of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ). Psychol Med 37:1015\u20131025","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102632","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102632","volume":"9","author":"I Leon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leon I, Garc\u0131a-Garc\u0131a J, Roldan-Tapia L (2014) Estimating cognitive reserve in healthy adults using the cognitive reserve scale. PLoS ONE 9:e102632","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2012.749951","volume":"17","author":"AO Caff\u00f2","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caff\u00f2 AO, Hoogeveen F, Groenendaal M et al (2014) Intervention strategies for spatial orientation disorders in dementia: a selective review. Dev Neurorehabil 17:200\u2013209","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"580_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.05.002","volume":"35","author":"GE Lancioni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O\u2019Reilly MF et al (2014) Persons with moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease use simple technology aids to manage daily activities and leisure occupation. Res Dev Disabil 35:2117\u20132128","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0070-5","volume":"25","author":"A Maseda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maseda A, Mill\u00e1n-Calenti JC, Lorenzo-L\u00f3pez L et al (2013) Efficacy of a computerized cognitive training application for older adults with and without memory impairments. Aging Clin Exp Res 25:411\u2013419","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.039206","volume":"61","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deary IJ, Batty GD (2007) Cognitive epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health 61:378\u2013384","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"580_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512452035","volume":"27","author":"AO Caff\u00f2","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caff\u00f2 AO, De Caro MF, Picucci L et al (2012) Reorientation deficits are associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 27:321\u2013330","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"}],"container-title":["Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T06:44:07Z","timestamp":1718520247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0580-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8319"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8319","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]}}}