{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:06:53Z","timestamp":1786982813482,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aging Clin Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01772-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1610683406000},"page":"2499-2509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Frailty and potentially inappropriate medications using the 2019 Beers Criteria: findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women\u2019s Health (ALSWH)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3754-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaeshaelya","family":"Thiruchelvam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3984-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Byles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Shahzad","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0854-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3311-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Therese","family":"Kairuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1772_CR1","first-page":"e1","volume":"16","author":"KM Stockl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stockl KM, Le L, Zhang S et al (2010) Clinical and economic outcomes associated with potentially inappropriate prescribing in the elderly. Am J Manag Care 16:e1\u201310","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"1772_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E230","volume":"39","author":"M Perri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perri M, Menon AM, Deshpande AD et al (2005) Adverse outcomes associated with inappropriate drug use in nursing homes. Ann Pharmacother 39:405\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1E230","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"1772_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15767","volume":"67","author":"American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria\u00ae Update Expert Panel","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria\u00ae Update Expert Panel (2019) American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers Criteria\u00ae for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:674\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15767","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1772_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2001.7.5.407","volume":"7","author":"D Fick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fick D (2001) Potentially inappropriate medication use in a Medicare managed care population: Association with higher costs and utilization. J Manag Care Pharm 7:407\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18553\/jmcp.2001.7.5.407","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"key":"1772_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02230.x","volume":"189","author":"AT Gregory","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gregory AT, Armstrong RM, Grassi TD et al (2008) On our selection: Australian longitudinal research studies. Med J Aust 189:650\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02230.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"1772_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E537","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.63","volume":"7","author":"EJ Caruana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caruana EJ, Roman M, Hern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez J et al (2015) Longitudinal studies. J Thorac Dis 7:E537\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.63","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"1772_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J et al (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M146\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","journal-title":"J GerontolABiolSci Med Sci"},{"key":"1772_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15016","volume":"65","author":"LC Maclagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maclagan LC, Maxwell CJ, Gandhi S et al (2017) Frailty and potentially inappropriate medication use at nursing home transition. J Am Geriatr Soc 65:2205\u20132212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15016","journal-title":"J Am GeriatrSoc"},{"key":"1772_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14976","volume":"28","author":"AF Bolina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolina AF, Gomes NC, Marchiori GF et al (2019) Potentially inappropriate medication use and frailty phenotype among community-dwelling older adults: a population-based study. J ClinNurs 28:3914\u20133922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14976","journal-title":"J ClinNurs"},{"key":"1772_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1287-8","volume":"19","author":"G Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li G, Andrews HF, Chihuri S et al (2019) Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication use in older drivers. BMC Geriatr 19:260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1287-8","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"1772_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1168-1","volume":"19","author":"TM Alhawassi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alhawassi TM, Alatawi W, Alwhaibi M (2019) Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications use among older adults and risk factors using the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers criteria. BMC Geriatr 19:154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1168-1","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"1772_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.07.008","volume":"19","author":"P Martinot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martinot P, Landr\u00e9 B, Zins M et al (2018) Association between potentially inappropriate medications and frailty in the early old age: a longitudinal study in the GAZEL cohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc 19:967\u2013973.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.07.008","journal-title":"J Am Med DirAssoc"},{"key":"1772_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz127","volume":"49","author":"DC Muhlack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhlack DC, Hoppe LK, Saum K-U et al (2020) Investigation of a possible association of potentially inappropriate medication for older adults and frailty in a prospective cohort study from Germany. Age Ageing 49:20\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afz127","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1772_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547a","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv110","volume":"44","author":"AJ Dobson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dobson AJ, Hockey R, Brown et al (2015) Cohort profile update: Australian longitudinal study on women\u2019s health. Int J Epidemiol 44:1547a\u20131547f. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv110.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1772_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2541546","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp2541546","volume":"25","author":"E Page","year":"2015","unstructured":"Page E, Kemp-Casey A, Korda R, et al (2015) Using Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data for pharmacoepidemiological research: challenges and approaches. Public Health Res Pract 25:e2541546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17061\/phrp2541546.","journal-title":"Public Health Res Pract"},{"key":"1772_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019) Anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification. http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/regulation\/medicines-safety\/toolkit_atc\/en\/. Accessed 8 Sep 2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"1772_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03746.x","volume":"60","author":"D Lopez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopez D, Flicker L, Dobson A (2012) Validation of the frail scale in a cohort of older Australian women. J Am GeriatrSoc 60(1):171\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03746.x","journal-title":"J Am GeriatrSoc"},{"key":"1772_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50244","volume":"211","author":"AT Page","year":"2019","unstructured":"Page AT, Falster MO, Litchfield M et al (2019) Polypharmacy among older Australians, 2006\u20132017: a population-based study. Med J Aust 211:71\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.50244","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"1772_CR19","unstructured":"StataCorp (2019) Stata statistical software: Release 16. College Station: TX: StataCorp LLC"},{"key":"1772_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/09720502.2010.10700699","volume":"13","author":"H Midi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Midi H, Sarkar SK, Rana S (2010) Collinearity diagnostics of binary logistic regression model. J Interdiscip Math 13:253\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09720502.2010.10700699","journal-title":"J Interdiscip Math"},{"key":"1772_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173466","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173466","volume":"12","author":"LM Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim LM, McStea M, Chung WW, et al (2017) Prevalence, risk factors and health outcomes associated with polypharmacy among urban community-dwelling older adults in multi-ethnic Malaysia. PloS One 12:e0173466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173466","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"1772_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.1.68","volume":"165","author":"DT Lau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DEB et al (2005) Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 165:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.165.1.68","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1772_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p49","volume":"33","author":"K Mamun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mamun K, Lien CTC, Goh-Tan CYE et al (2004) Polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use in Singapore nursing homes. Ann Acad Med Singapore 33:49\u201352","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"1772_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3772","volume":"24","author":"M Herr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herr M, Robine J-M, Pinot J et al (2015) Polypharmacy and frailty: prevalence, relationship, and impact on mortality in a French sample of 2350 old people. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 24:637\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.3772","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"1772_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2015.527","volume":"30","author":"S Jetha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jetha S (2015) Polypharmacy, the elderly, and deprescribing. Consult Pharm 30:527\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4140\/TCP.n.2015.527","journal-title":"Consult Pharm J Am Soc Consult Pharm"},{"key":"1772_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.04.018","volume":"18","author":"E Dent","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dent E, Lien C, Lim WS et al (2017) The Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines for the management of frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc 18:564\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.04.018.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"1772_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1387-2","volume":"69","author":"RE Hubbard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hubbard RE, O\u2019Mahony MS, Woodhouse KW (2013) Medication prescribing in frail older people. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69:319\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-012-1387-2","journal-title":"Eur J ClinPharmacol"},{"key":"1772_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Falls. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/falls. Accessed 18 July 2020."},{"key":"1772_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12562","volume":"52","author":"GE Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller GE, Sarpong EM, Davidoff AJ et al (2017) Determinants of potentially inappropriate medication use among community-dwelling older adults. Health Serv Res 52:1534\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12562","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1772_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1997.tb01737.x","volume":"21","author":"AJ Parkes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parkes AJ, Coper LC (1997) Inappropriate use of medications in the veteran community: how much do doctors and pharmacists contribute? Aust N Z J Public Health 21:469\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1997.tb01737.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"1772_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16413","volume":"68","author":"DL Weir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weir DL, Lee TC, McDonald EG et al (2020) Both new and chronic potentially inappropriate medications continued at hospital discharge are associated with increased risk of adverse events. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1184\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.16413","journal-title":"J Am GeriatrSoc"},{"key":"1772_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199005050-00003","volume":"5","author":"WH Kruse","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kruse WH (1990) Problems and pitfalls in the use of benzodiazepines in the elderly. Drug Saf 5:328\u2013344","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"1772_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S146009","volume":"12","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhou S, Pan K et al (2017) Potentially inappropriate medications in hospitalized older patients: a cross-sectional study using the Beers 2015 criteria versus the 2012 criteria. Clin Interv Aging 12:1697\u20131703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S146009","journal-title":"ClinInterv Aging"},{"key":"1772_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070332","volume":"55","author":"Z Cvetkovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cvetkovi\u0107 Z, Peri\u0107 A, Dobri\u0107 S (2019) Potentially inappropriate prescribing and potential clinically significant drug\u2013drug interactions in older outpatients: Is there any association? Med (Kaunas) 55:332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55070332","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"1772_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014476","volume":"334","author":"IR Falconer","year":"1983","unstructured":"Falconer IR, Langley JV, Vacek AT (1983) Effect of prolactin on 86Rb+ uptake, potassium content and [G-3H]ouabain binding of lactating rabbit mammary tissue. J Physiol 334:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014476","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1772_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328355e1ac","volume":"25","author":"T Kishimoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kishimoto T, De Hert M, Carlson HE (2012) Osteoporosis and fracture risk in people with schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 25:415\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328355e1ac","journal-title":"CurrOpin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1772_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa095","volume":"49","author":"RE Hubbard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hubbard RE, Maier AB, Hilmer SN et al (2020) Frailty in the face of COVID-19. Age Ageing 49:499\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaa095","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"8","key":"1772_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.03.007","volume":"19","author":"K Thiruchelvam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thiruchelvam K, Wong PS, Kairuz T et al (2018) Consolidated medication review algorithm to improve medications use in older adults: Components, scoring scheme, and implementation. J Am Med Dir Assoc 19:717\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.03.007","journal-title":"J Am Med DirAssoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"1772_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12589","volume":"16","author":"A Poudel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poudel A, Ballokova A, Hubbard RE et al (2015) Algorithm of medication review in frail older people: focus on minimizing the use of high-risk medications. Geriatr Gerontol Int 16:1002\u20131013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ggi.12589","journal-title":"GeriatrGerontolInt"},{"key":"1772_CR40","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) Ageing population. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/by%20Subject\/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Ageing%20Population~14. Accessed 16 Nov 2020"},{"key":"1772_CR41","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2018) Older Australia at a glance, Aged care. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/older-people\/older-australia-at-a-glance\/contents\/health-and-aged-care-service-use\/aged-care. Accessed 16 Nov 2020"}],"container-title":["Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01772-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01772-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01772-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1697558852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01772-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01772-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8319"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8319","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"The ALSWH has ongoing ethical approval from the University of Queensland (UQ) (reference 2004000224) and the University of Newcastle (UoN) (reference H-076\u20130795) Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC), and also for the health record linkage (UQ: reference 2012000132 and UoN: reference H-2011\u20130371). Our study was approved by the ALSWH Data Access Committee. Access to national data collections was approved by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare HREC (reference EC2012\/1\/12).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"For the linked data (PBS), ALSWH participants who decline health record linkage are excluded from linked data requests. Over 80 percent of all ALSWH participants have explicitly consented to record linkage. Since 2005, the responsible Human Research Ethics Committees have approved opt-out consent; in addition, a waiver applies to unconsented participants who were deceased or lost to follow up before 2005.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"For the ALSWH survey data, all participants consented to joining the study and are free to withdraw or suspend their participation at any time with no need to provide a reason.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}