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Indeed, vitamin D supplementation has been proposed as a potential preventative or therapeutic strategy. Recommendations for any intervention, particularly in the context of a potentially fatal pandemic infection, should be strictly based on clinically informed appraisal of the evidence base. In this narrative review, we examine current evidence relating to vitamin D and COVID-19 and consider the most appropriate practical recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Observations<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although there are a growing number of studies investigating the links between vitamin D and COVID-19, they are mostly small and observational with high risk of bias, residual confounding, and reverse causality. Extrapolation of molecular actions of 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-vitamin D to an effect of increased 25(OH)-vitamin D as a result of vitamin D supplementation is generally unfounded, as is the automatic conclusion of causal mechanisms from observational studies linking low 25(OH)-vitamin D to incident disease. Efficacy is ideally demonstrated in the context of adequately powered randomised intervention studies, although such approaches may not always be feasible.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At present, evidence to support vitamin D supplementation for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is inconclusive. In the absence of any further compelling data, adherence to existing national guidance on vitamin D supplementation to prevent vitamin D deficiency, predicated principally on maintaining musculoskeletal health, appears appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01894-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T04:02:46Z","timestamp":1623470566000},"page":"2031-2041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Vitamin D and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): rapid evidence review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Raisi-Estabragh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian R.","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Darling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Lanham-New","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia B.","family":"Munroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen E.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3773-6","volume":"28","author":"NC Harvey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvey NC, Biver E, Kaufman JM et al (2017) The role of calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing: an expert consensus meeting of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Foundation for Osteoporosis (IOF). 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ZRE reports no conflicts of interest. ARM reports grant support for the CORONAVIT trial from Pharma Nord Ltd, Synergy Biologics Ltd, Cytoplan Ltd, and DSM Ltd, outside the submitted work. RJM has no disclosures. EMC reports conference support and lecture fees from Eli Lilly, UCB and Amgen, outside the submitted work. KAW reports lecture fees from Abbott Nutrition and Pfizer Healthcare, outside the submitted work. ALD was an expert advisor on the NICE Vitamin D and COVID-19 evidence review (2020). SLN is a member of SACN Main Committee and was on the SACN Vitamin D working group responsible for setting the new vitamin D recommendations for the UK (2010\u20132016); contributing to the SACN ARTI Report and the NICE Vitamin D and COVID-19 Report. SLN also declares reports honorariums received from Thornton Ross and the US Council for Responsible Nutrition on vitamin D, both of which have been donated to charities. CC, PBM, and SEP declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethics review and informed consent are not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval\/informed consent"}},{"value":"There was no direct involvement of patients or participants in this literature review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of human and animal rights"}}]}}