{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:41:17Z","timestamp":1793173277558,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Health Services Research Grant","award":["411009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aging Clin Exp Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T12:02:53Z","timestamp":1666440173000},"page":"155-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Social isolation, socioeconomic status, and development of functional impairments in Chinese older adults aged 70\u00a0years and over: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Eric Tsz Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-012-0271-2","volume":"33","author":"NR Nicholson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nicholson NR (2012) A review of social isolation: an important but underassessed condition in older adults. J Prim Prev 33:137\u2013152","journal-title":"J Prim Prev"},{"key":"2259_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2307\/351906","volume":"42","author":"CA Bachrach","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bachrach CA (1980) Childlessness and social isolation among the elderly. J Marriage Fam 42:627\u2013637","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"2259_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) Social isolation and loneliness among older people: advocacy brief [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240030749. Accessed 9 Feb 2022"},{"key":"2259_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352","volume":"10","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M et al (2015) Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci 10:227\u2013237","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2259_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thege B (2021) Ways out of social isolation for older people in the context of new media: CONNECT-ED\u2014a project to improve social participation, 1st ed. 2021 ed. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden. Imprint: Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-35581-4_1"},{"key":"2259_CR6","volume-title":"2016 Population by-census\u2014thematic report: older persons","author":"Census and Statistics Department","year":"2018","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department (2018) 2016 Population by-census\u2014thematic report: older persons. Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong"},{"key":"2259_CR7","unstructured":"The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong (2021) Annual report 2020. Hong Kong. https:\/\/sbhk.org.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2020.pdf"},{"key":"2259_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","volume":"102","author":"NK Valtorta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S et al (2016) Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart 102:1009\u20131016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2259_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000316","volume":"7","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med 7:e1000316","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2259_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00923251","volume":"14","author":"CI Cohen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cohen CI, Teresi J, Holmes D (1986) Assessment of stress-buffering effects of social networks on psychological symptoms in an inner-city elderly population. Am J Community Psychol 14:75","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"2259_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007) Global age-friendly cities: a guide [Internet]. 8 Feb 2007. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43755\/9\/8921?sequence=1. Accessed 6 May 2021"},{"key":"2259_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Decade of healthy ageing: baseline report. World Health\nOrganization, Geneva, Switzerland. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240017900"},{"key":"2259_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.08.034","volume":"23","author":"ETC Lai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai ETC, Ho HC, Ho SC et al (2022) Socioeconomic status, physical functioning and mortality: results from a cohort study of older adults in Hong Kong. J Am Med Dir Assoc 23:858\u2013864","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2259_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.1993","volume":"172","author":"CM Perissinotto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perissinotto CM, Cenzer IS, Covinsky KE (2012) Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death. Arch Intern Med 172:1078\u20131084","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2259_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt147","volume":"69","author":"J Stessman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stessman J, Rottenberg Y, Shimshilashvili I et al (2014) Loneliness, health, and longevity. J Gerontol Ser A 69:744\u2013750","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A"},{"key":"2259_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-10-77","volume":"10","author":"AS Buchman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS et al (2010) Loneliness and the rate of motor decline in old age: the rush memory and aging project, a community-based cohort study. BMC Geriatr 10:1\u20138","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2259_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.1.S44","volume":"59","author":"K Avlund","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avlund K, Lund R, Holstein BE et al (2004) The impact of structural and functional characteristics of social relations as determinants of functional decline. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 59:S44\u2013S51","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2259_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2023","volume":"23","author":"AF Green","year":"2008","unstructured":"Green AF, Rebok G, Lyketsos CG (2008) Influence of social network characteristics on cognition and functional status with aging. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23:972\u2013978","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2259_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219686110","volume":"110","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P et al (2013) Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:5797\u20135801","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2259_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16184","volume":"67","author":"A Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh A, Patel K, Boscardin WJ et al (2019) Social support and patterns of institutionalization among older adults: a longitudinal study. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2622\u20132627","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2259_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30291-7","volume":"6","author":"RW Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith RW, Barnes I, Green J et al (2021) Social isolation and risk of heart disease and stroke: analysis of two large UK prospective studies. Lancet Public Health 6:e232\u2013e239","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2259_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180439","volume":"66","author":"R Penninkilampi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penninkilampi R, Casey A-N, Singh MF (2018) The association between social engagement, loneliness, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 66:1619\u20131633","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2259_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.10","volume":"129","author":"LC Gallo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gallo LC, Matthews KA (2003) Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: do negative emotions play a role? Psychol Bull 129:10","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2259_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01650.x","volume":"18","author":"LC Gallo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gallo LC, de Los Monteros KE, Shivpuri S (2009) Socioeconomic status and health: what is the role of reserve capacity? Curr Dir Psychol Sci 18:269\u2013274","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2259_CR25","first-page":"248","volume":"88","author":"AS Deaton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Deaton AS, Paxson CH (1998) Aging and inequality in income and health. Am Econ Rev 88:248\u2013253","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"2259_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","volume":"396","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis F, Merz NB, Barnes PJ et al (2020) Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. Lancet 396:565\u2013582","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2259_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325226","volume":"21","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guralnik JM, Butterworth S, Patel K et al (2009) Reduced midlife physical functioning among never married and childless men: evidence from the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Aging Clin Exp Res 21:174\u2013181","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2259_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huxhold O, Engstler H (2019) Social isolation and loneliness in women and men in the second half of life [Soziale Isolation und Einsamkeit bei Frauen und M\u00e4nnern im Verlauf der zweiten Lebensh\u00e4lfte]. Women and men in the second half of life: aging in social change [Frauen und M\u00e4nner in der zweiten Lebensh\u00e4lfte]. Springer, Wiesbaden, Germany, pp 71\u201389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25079-9_5"},{"key":"2259_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1389","volume":"30","author":"SC Ho","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ho SC, Woo J, Sham A et al (2001) A 3-year follow-up study of social, lifestyle and health predictors of cognitive impairment in a Chinese older cohort. Int J Epidemiol 30:1389\u20131396","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2259_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxj002","volume":"7","author":"JC Sergeant","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sergeant JC, Firth D (2006) Relative index of inequality: definition, estimation, and inference. Biostatistics 7:213\u2013224","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2259_CR31","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI (1965) Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J 14:61\u201365","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"key":"2259_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90065-6","volume":"42","author":"S Shah","year":"1989","unstructured":"Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B (1989) Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol 42:703\u2013709","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2259_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj074","volume":"35","author":"M Patel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patel M, Tilling K, Lawrence E et al (2006) Relationships between long-term stroke disability, handicap and health-related quality of life. Age Ageing 35:273\u2013279","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2259_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288809164103","volume":"10","author":"C Collin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Collin C, Wade D, Davies S et al (1988) The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud 10:61\u201363","journal-title":"Int Disabil Stud"},{"key":"2259_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01619.x","volume":"67","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2011","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Shpitser I (2011) A new criterion for confounder selection. Biometrics 67:1406\u20131413","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2259_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl J (2012) The mediation formula: A guide to the assessment of causal pathways in nonlinear models. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, United Kingdom","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA557435"},{"key":"2259_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i11","volume":"76","author":"J Steen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steen J, Loeys T, Moerkerke B et al (2017) Medflex: an R package for flexible mediation analysis using natural effect models. J Stat Softw 76:1\u201346","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2259_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1515\/2161-962X.1014","volume":"1","author":"S Vansteelandt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vansteelandt S, Bekaert M, Lange T (2012) Imputation strategies for the estimation of natural direct and indirect effects. Epidemiol Methods 1:131\u2013158","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"key":"2259_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e040056","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040056","volume":"10","author":"ET Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai ET, Schl\u00fcter DK, Lange T et al (2020) Understanding pathways to inequalities in child mental health: a counterfactual mediation analysis in two national birth cohorts in the UK and Denmark. BMJ Open 10:e040056","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2259_CR40","volume-title":"Toolkit for weighting and analysis of nonequivalent groups: a tutorial for the R TWANG package","author":"G Ridgeway","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ridgeway G, McCaffrey DF, Morral AR et al (2022) Toolkit for weighting and analysis of nonequivalent groups: a tutorial for the R TWANG package. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica"},{"key":"2259_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324834BASP2304_2","volume":"23","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pinquart M, Sorensen S (2001) Influences on loneliness in older adults: a meta-analysis. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 23:245\u2013266","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2259_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X0300134X","volume":"23","author":"MIB Van Groenou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Groenou MIB, Van Tilburg T (2003) Network size and support in old age: differentials by socio-economic status in childhood and adulthood. Ageing Soc 23:625\u2013645","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"key":"2259_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-7-13","volume":"7","author":"S Weyers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weyers S, Dragano N, M\u00f6bus S et al (2008) Low socio-economic position is associated with poor social networks and social support: results from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Int J Equity Health 7:1\u20137","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2259_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100546","volume":"10","author":"MH Algren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Algren MH, Ekholm O, Nielsen L et al (2020) Social isolation, loneliness, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods in Denmark: a cross-sectional study. SSM Popul Health 10:100546","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2259_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3399\/096016407782604785","volume":"57","author":"S Iliffe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iliffe S, Kharicha K, Harari D et al (2007) Health risk appraisal in older people 2: the implications for clinicians and commissioners of social isolation risk in older people. Br J Gen Pract 57:277\u2013282","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2259_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070824","volume":"14","author":"A Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong A, Chau AK, Fang Y et al (2017) Illuminating the psychological experience of elderly loneliness from a societal perspective: a qualitative study of alienation between older people and society. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:824","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2259_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-015-1120-5","volume":"129","author":"S-Y Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee S-Y, Chou K-L (2016) Trends in elderly poverty in Hong Kong: a decomposition analysis. Soc Indic Res 129:551\u2013564","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2259_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90340-7","volume":"28","author":"J Flaherty","year":"1989","unstructured":"Flaherty J, Richman J (1989) Gender differences in the perception and utilization of social support: theoretical perspectives and an empirical test. Soc Sci Med 28:1221\u20131228","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2259_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-54","volume":"12","author":"EP Uphoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uphoff EP, Pickett KE, Cabieses B et al (2013) A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities. Int J Equity Health 12:1\u201312","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2259_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000437","volume":"36","author":"A Shankar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shankar A, McMunn A, Demakakos P et al (2017) Social isolation and loneliness: prospective associations with functional status in older adults. Health Psychol 36:179","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2259_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106073","volume":"135","author":"A Henriques","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriques A, Silva S, Severo M et al (2020) Socioeconomic position and quality of life among older people: the mediating role of social support. Prev Med 135:106073","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2259_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.019","volume":"66","author":"K Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","unstructured":"Engstr\u00f6m K, Mattsson F, J\u00e4rleborg A et al (2008) Contextual social capital as a risk factor for poor self-rated health: a multilevel analysis. Soc Sci Med 66:2268\u20132280","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2259_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2010.01270.x","volume":"32","author":"E Dahl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dahl E, Malmberg-Heimonen I (2010) Social inequality and health: the role of social capital. Sociol Health Illn 32:1102\u20131119","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"2259_CR54","unstructured":"Legislative Council Secretariat (2018) Statistical highlights\u2014land supply and utilization in Hong Kong. Hong Kong"},{"key":"2259_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm097","volume":"18","author":"S Fors","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fors S, Lennartsson C, Lundberg O (2008) Health inequalities among older adults in Sweden 1991\u20132002. Eur J Public Health 18:138\u2013143","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2259_CR56","volume-title":"Report on AgeWatch Index for Hong Kong 2016 and Hong Kong elder quality of life index","author":"CUHK Jockey Club Institute of Ageing","year":"2018","unstructured":"CUHK Jockey Club Institute of Ageing (2018) Report on AgeWatch Index for Hong Kong 2016 and Hong Kong elder quality of life index. The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong"},{"key":"2259_CR57","volume-title":"Hong Kong poverty situation report 2019","author":"Census and Statistics Department","year":"2020","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department (2020) Hong Kong poverty situation report 2019. HKSAR Government, Hong Kong"},{"key":"2259_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-122","volume":"13","author":"SC Caetano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caetano SC, Silva CM, Vettore MV (2013) Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: a population-based study in Brazil. BMC Geriatr 13:1\u201314","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2259_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041301","volume":"17","author":"R Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu R, Tong C, Leung J et al (2020) Socioeconomic inequalities in frailty in Hong Kong, China: a 14-year longitudinal cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1301","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T09:46:25Z","timestamp":1744191985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8319"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8319","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study analyzed existing data from a cohort study and does not require approval from the Research Ethics Committee. The original cohort study was carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1990.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}