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We present MMSE and MoCA scores overall and by country, sex, age (70\u201374 years, \u2265\u200975 years), education (\u2264\u2009and &gt;\u2009median education years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2151 DO-HEALTH participants (mean age 74.9 years, 57% aged 70\u201374 years, 62% women) were included. The median (IQR) years of education was 12 (10\u201315), median MMSE score was 29 (28\u201330) and median MoCA score was 26 (23\u201328) points. In subgroups by sex, age, and education, the median MMSE score remained 29 for all subgroups, except for participants with shorter education (\u2264\u200912 years) and higher age (\u2265\u200975), who scored 28 points. For MoCA, the median score in subgroups ranged from 24 to 27 points. Participants with shorter education (\u2264\u200912 years) and higher age (\u2265\u200975) had lowest scores (men 24, women 25 points).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide MMSE and MoCA scores for generally healthy, community-dwelling older adults from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France and Portugal. The median MMSE and MoCA scores differed with age and education, and \u2013 less consistently \u2013 with sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>International Trials Registry (clinicaltrials.gov; registration ID: NCT01745263), registered December 2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-02946-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T05:42:29Z","timestamp":1742190149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cognitive function in generally healthy adults age 70 years and older in the 5-country DO-HEALTH study: MMSE and MoCA scores by sex, education and country"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7783-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Kistler-Fischbacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazala","family":"Gohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"de Godoi Rezende Costa Molino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Geiling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Meyer-Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3215-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reto W.","family":"Kressig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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Furthermore, HAB-F reports speaker fees from Wild, Pfizer, Vifor, Mylan, Roche Diagnostics, and independent and investigator initiated grants from Pfizer and from Vifor, outside the submitted work. BV declares participation in the following advisory boards: Biogen, Alzheon, Norvo Nordisk, Lilly, Eisai France and International, Roche, TauX and Cerecin. JAPD declares honoraria from Amgen and Fresenius-Kabi and support meetings\/travels from MedacAP. TM-H declares speaker fees from OM pharma. MK-F, GG, CG, KG, RWK, EJO, SG, GA, RR, GA, ES-T, AE, declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"88"}}