{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T04:10:49Z","timestamp":1747109449800,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aging Clin Exp Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate the associations between cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) and cognitive decline across the Alzheimer\u2019s dementia continuum.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, we studied 619 participants, categorized into 221 cognitively normal (CN) participants, 281 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 117 patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). CMH prevalence and distribution were determined using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focusing on the frontal, occipital, and parietal subcortical regions of interest (ROIs).Clinical dementia rating scale sum of boxes (CDR-SB) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were used for diagnosis and composite cognitive scores regarding visuospatial abilities, language, memory, and executive functions were used as outcome variables. Age, gender, and APOE \u03b54 positivity status were used as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The AD group displayed significantly elevated tau and P-tau levels compared to MCI and CN groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). APOE \u03b54 positivity was 67.5% in the AD group, surpassing the 50.2% in MCI and 29% in CN individuals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cognitive assessments revealed that the AD group\u2019s CDR-SB score and MMSE both significantly differed from these scores in the MCI and CN groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Overall, CMH prevalence was 27.7%, with a predominant distribution in the frontal subcortical ROIs. MCI subjects with CMH showed notably diminished ADNI Visuospatial Composite Scores compared to those without CMH. Age significantly predicted CMH in CN and MCI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In AD participants, APOE \u03b54 heterozygotes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) and homozygotes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) hadincreased CMH likelihood.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CMHs are significantly associated with cognitive decline in patients with MCI. This association is more prominent in regard to the decline in visuospatial abilities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-02988-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T02:37:20Z","timestamp":1747103840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The associations between cerebral microhemorrhages and cognitive decline across Alzheimer\u2019s continuum"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Homayoon","family":"Khaledian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Julaee","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pardis","family":"Barjisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Saberian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Mozafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Ghahramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Mayeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohammad Amin","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soorin","family":"Berenjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaghayegh","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Andalibian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318221ad36","volume":"77","author":"PA Yates","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yates PA, Sirisriro R, Villemagne VL, Farquharson S, Masters CL, Rowe CC (2011) Cerebral microhemorrhage and brain \u03b2-amyloid in aging and alzheimer disease. 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The ADNI study was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating institutions, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their authorized representatives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All human subjects provided informed consent prior to their participation in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Grant support"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Presentation"}},{"value":"The writers express their recognition of utilizing a Large Language Model (LLM) during the creation of this publication. ChatGPT, a language model created by OpenAI (version: GPT-4), was used to help in the process of writing, revising, and improving the text. The authors have thoroughly examined and verified the content to guarantee its precision and authenticity. The writers assume complete accountability for the factual precision, citation consistency, mathematical accuracy, logical consistency, and overall novelty of the article.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Generative AI in scientific writing"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"148"}}