{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:18:46Z","timestamp":1793333926702,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D1.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D1.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aging Clin Exp Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urbanization is reshaping global health, with over 55% of the world\u2019s population residing in urban areas, a figure projected to reach 68% by 2050. This demographic shift presents significant challenges and opportunities for public health, as urban environments exacerbate health disparities rooted in social determinants of health, such as economic stability, education, neighborhood conditions, and access to healthcare. Rapid urban growth, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, has led to the emergence of inequitable living conditions, environmental hazards, and limited access to essential health services, contributing to the early onset of multimorbidity and rising non-communicable disease burdens. Urbanization-driven factors such as obesogenic environments, sedentary lifestyles, air pollution, and inadequate sleep exacerbate cardiovascular and metabolic risks, while social exclusion, overcrowding, and inadequate mental health services heighten vulnerabilities. Emerging risks, including urban heat islands, noise pollution, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, further compound urban health inequities. Effective mitigation requires multi-sectoral policies that prioritize health-promoting infrastructure, reduce environmental pollutants, foster equitable healthcare access, and address systemic barriers affecting marginalized groups. This review explores the intersections between urbanization and health inequities, emphasizing the importance of addressing traditional and emerging risk factors across the lifespan. Policy implications include promoting green infrastructure, enhancing urban mobility, expanding mental health care, and leveraging participatory governance to foster resilient and inclusive cities. By adopting an integrated approach that prioritizes social equity and sustainability, cities can mitigate health disparities and create healthier, more inclusive urban environments that support the well-being of all residents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T06:49:44Z","timestamp":1746600584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Urban health inequities and healthy longevity: traditional and emerging risk factors across the cities and policy implications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cacciatore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra Villalba","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Spadafora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Sabouret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Biondi-Zoccai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Calvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Marzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3052_CR1","volume-title":"Equitable healthier cities for sustainable development","author":"Global Report on Urban Health","year":"2016","unstructured":"Global Report on Urban Health (2016) Equitable healthier cities for sustainable development. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"3052_CR2","unstructured":"Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance in health and environment, 2024 update. World Health Organization, Geneva (2024)"},{"key":"3052_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081518","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1081518","volume":"11","author":"J Alvarez-Galvez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alvarez-Galvez J, Ortega-Martin E, Carretero-Bravo J et al (2023) Social determinants of multimorbidity patterns: a systematic review. Front Public Health 11:1081518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1081518","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61260-4","volume":"370","author":"M Rao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rao M, Prasad S, Adshead F et al (2007) The built environment and health. Lancet 370:1111\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61260-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3052_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110827","author":"M Seyedrezaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seyedrezaei M, Becerik-Gerber B, Awada M et al (2023) Equity in the built environment: a systematic review. Build Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110827","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"3052_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61597-X","volume":"385","author":"R Suzman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suzman R, Beard JR, Boerma T et al (2015) Health in an ageing world\u2013what do we know? Lancet 385:484\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61597-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3052_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v3i0.5302","author":"P Kowal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kowal P, Kahn K, Ng N et al (2010) Ageing and adult health status in eight lower-income countries: the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE collaboration. Glob Health Action. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v3i0.5302","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"3052_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50241","author":"A Garmany","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garmany A, Terzic A (2024) Global healthspan-lifespan gaps among 183 world health organization member states. JAMA Netw Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50241","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3052_CR9","unstructured":"Healthy life years statistics. Eurostat. Eurostat. 2024. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Healthy_life_years_statistics. Accessed 10 Jan 2025"},{"key":"3052_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101860","volume":"57","author":"SR Chowdhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chowdhury SR, Chandra Das D, Sunna TC et al (2023) Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 57:101860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101860","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3052_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1179\/030801878791925921","volume":"3","author":"T Strasser","year":"1978","unstructured":"Strasser T (1978) Reflections on cardiovascular diseases. Interdisc Sci Rev 3:225\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/030801878791925921","journal-title":"Interdisc Sci Rev"},{"key":"3052_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053730","volume":"145","author":"NR Hasbani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasbani NR, Ligthart S, Brown MR et al (2022) American Heart Association\u2019s life\u2019s simple 7: lifestyle recommendations, polygenic risk, and lifetime risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 145:808\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053730","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3052_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078","volume":"146","author":"DM Lloyd-Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM et al (2022) Life\u2019s essential 8: updating and enhancing the American Heart Association\u2019s construct of cardiovascular health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 146:e18\u2013e43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3052_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100560","author":"M Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar M, Orkaby A, Tighe C et al (2023) Life\u2019s essential 8: optimizing health in older adults. JACC Adv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100560","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"key":"3052_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107607","volume":"174","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Sun M, Wang Y et al (2023) Association of cardiovascular health using Life\u2019s Essential 8 with noncommunicable disease multimorbidity. Prev Med 174:107607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107607","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"3052_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.05.023","volume":"24","author":"R Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou R, Chen HW, Li FR et al (2023) \u201cLife\u2019s Essential 8\u201d cardiovascular health and dementia risk, cognition, and neuroimaging markers of brain health. J Am Med Dir Assoc 24:1791\u20131797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.05.023","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"3052_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.33963\/v.phj.103997","volume":"82","author":"M Banach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Banach M, Toth PP, Bielecka-Dabrowa A et al (2024) Primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention: recent advances. Kardiol Pol 82:1200\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33963\/v.phj.103997","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"3052_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102539","volume":"70","author":"FCT van der Heide","year":"2024","unstructured":"van der Heide FCT, Valeri L, Dugravot A et al (2024) Role of cardiovascular health factors in mediating social inequalities in the incidence of dementia in the UK: two prospective, population-based cohort studies. EClinicalMedicine 70:102539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102539","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3052_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01330-0","volume":"20","author":"M Vilar-Compte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vilar-Compte M, Burrola-Mendez S, Lozano-Marrufo A et al (2021) Urban poverty and nutrition challenges associated with accessibility to a healthy diet: a global systematic literature review. Int J Equity Health 20:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-020-01330-0","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"3052_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/s0271-5317(01)00392-x","volume":"22","author":"UE MacIntyre","year":"2002","unstructured":"MacIntyre UE, Kruger HS, Venter CS et al (2002) Dietary intakes of an African population in different stages of transition in the North West Province, South Africa: the THUSA study. Nutr Res 22:239\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0271-5317(01)00392-x","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"3052_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100943","volume":"16","author":"AG Howard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard AG, Attard SM, Herring AH et al (2021) Socioeconomic gradients in the Westernization of diet in China over 20 years. SSM Popul Health 16:100943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100943","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"3052_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-024-01565-y","volume":"21","author":"E Denniss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denniss E, Lindberg R, Marchese LE et al (2024) #Fail: the quality and accuracy of nutrition-related information by influential Australian Instagram accounts. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 21:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-024-01565-y","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"3052_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.05.009","volume":"11","author":"N Kodur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kodur N, Yurista S, Province V et al (2023) Ketogenic diet in heart failure: fact or fiction? JACC Heart Fail 11:838\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.05.009","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"3052_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13792","volume":"25","author":"S Kommu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kommu S, Berg RL (2024) Efficacy and safety of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on weight loss in patients with overweight or obesity without diabetes mellitus\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 25:e13792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13792","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"3052_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00272-9","volume":"12","author":"CM Prado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prado CM, Phillips SM, Gonzalez MC et al (2024) Muscle matters: the effects of medically induced weight loss on skeletal muscle. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 12:785\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00272-9","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"3052_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16070994","volume":"16","author":"S Chiappini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiappini S, Vickers-Smith R, Harris D et al (2023) Is There a risk for semaglutide misuse? Focus on the food and drug administration\u2019s FDA adverse events reporting system (FAERS) pharmacovigilance dataset. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 16:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16070994","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"3052_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1652","volume":"47","author":"YL Weissman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weissman YL, Calvarysky B, Shochat T et al (2024) Disparities in sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor prescription and dispensing in the Israeli population\u2014a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care 47:692\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-1652","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"3052_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1273","volume":"172","author":"S Armstrong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armstrong S, Wong CA, Perrin E et al (2018) Association of physical activity with income, race\/ethnicity, and sex among adolescents and young adults in the United States: findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132016. JAMA Pediatr 172:732\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1273","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"3052_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","volume":"387","author":"JF Sallis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sallis JF, Cerin E, Conway TL et al (2016) Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 387:2207\u20132217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3052_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.12.1995","volume":"91","author":"RC Brownson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brownson RC, Baker EA, Housemann RA et al (2001) Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. Am J Public Health 91:1995\u20132003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.91.12.1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-01115-0","volume":"31","author":"T Hinrichs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hinrichs T, Keskinen KE, Pavelka B et al (2019) Perception of parks and trails as mobility facilitators and transportation walking in older adults: a study using digital geographical maps. Aging Clin Exp Res 31:673\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-018-01115-0","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3052_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106910","volume":"154","author":"AM Glasser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Glasser AM, Onnen N, Craigmile PF et al (2022) Associations between disparities in tobacco retailer density and disparities in tobacco use. Prev Med 154:106910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106910","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"3052_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918824330","volume":"134","author":"SM Farley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farley SM, Maroko AR, Suglia SF et al (2019) The influence of tobacco retailer density and poverty on tobacco use in a densely populated urban environment. Public Health Rep 134:164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354918824330","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"3052_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.05.011","volume":"37","author":"F Patterson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patterson F, Seravalli L, Hanlon A et al (2012) Neighborhood safety as a correlate of tobacco use in a sample of urban, pregnant women. Addict Behav 37:1132\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.05.011","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3052_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.10.011","volume":"2","author":"R Widome","year":"2015","unstructured":"Widome R, Joseph AM, Hammett P et al (2015) Associations between smoking behaviors and financial stress among low-income smokers. Prev Med Rep 2:911\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.10.011","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"3052_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16724","author":"HH Garritsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garritsen HH, Khan F, Rozema AD et al (2024) Associations of smoke-free policies in multi-unit housing with smoking behavior and second-hand smoke exposure: a systematic review. Addiction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16724","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3052_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/171473","volume":"19","author":"K Awad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awad K, Mohammed M, Martin SS et al (2023) Association between electronic nicotine delivery systems use and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of 1,024,401 participants. Arch Med Sci 19:1538\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/aoms\/171473","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"3052_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00710","volume":"51","author":"JM Logue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Logue JM, Sleiman M, Montesinos VN et al (2017) Emissions from electronic cigarettes: assessing vapers\u2019 intake of toxic compounds, secondhand exposures, and the associated health impacts. Environ Sci Technol 51:9271\u20139279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b00710","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3052_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.107895","volume":"181","author":"C Barnes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barnes C, McCrabb S, Bialek C et al (2024) Factors associated with child and adolescent electronic nicotine and non-nicotine delivery systems use: a scoping review. Prev Med 181:107895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.107895","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"3052_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.020","volume":"18","author":"MA Grandner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grandner MA, Williams NJ, Knutson KL et al (2016) Sleep disparity, race\/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. Sleep Med 18:7\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3052_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.05.003","volume":"162","author":"JC Hunter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hunter JC, Hayden KM (2018) The association of sleep with neighborhood physical and social environment. Public Health 162:126\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.05.003","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2004.01444.x","volume":"38","author":"TP Su","year":"2004","unstructured":"Su TP, Huang SR, Chou P (2004) Prevalence and risk factors of insomnia in community-dwelling Chinese elderly: a Taiwanese urban area survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 38:706\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2004.01444.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3052_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43690","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43690","volume":"7","author":"J Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang J, Liao Y, Kelly BC et al (2017) Gender and regional differences in sleep quality and insomnia: a general population-based study in Hunan Province of China. Sci Rep 7:43690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep43690","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3052_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00406-1","volume":"8","author":"J MacKillop","year":"2022","unstructured":"MacKillop J, Agabio R, Feldstein Ewing SW et al (2022) Hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 8:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-022-00406-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"3052_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392(10159):1923\u20131994 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6"},{"key":"3052_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13033","volume":"40","author":"WS Slutske","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slutske WS, Deutsch AR, Piasecki TM (2016) Neighborhood contextual factors, alcohol use, and alcohol problems in the united states: evidence from a nationally representative study of young adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 40:1010\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13033","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3052_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101395","volume":"47","author":"JS Sundarakumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sundarakumar JS, Stezin A, Menesgere AL et al (2022) Rural-urban and gender differences in metabolic syndrome in the aging population from southern India: two parallel, prospective cohort studies. EClinicalMedicine 47:101395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101395","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3052_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E92","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.230136","volume":"20","author":"E Crouch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crouch E, Abshire DA, Wirth MD et al (2023) Rural-urban differences in overweight and obesity, physical activity, and food security among children and adolescents. Prev Chronic Dis 20:E92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd20.230136","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"3052_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04021","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04021","volume":"11","author":"I Macicame","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macicame I, Prista A, Parhofer KG et al (2021) Social determinants and behaviors associated with overweight and obesity among youth and adults in a peri-urban area of Maputo City, Mozambique. J Glob Health 11:04021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.11.04021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"3052_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3789-z","volume":"16","author":"IO Ajayi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ajayi IO, Adebamowo C, Adami HO et al (2016) Urban-rural and geographic differences in overweight and obesity in four sub-Saharan African adult populations: a multi-country cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 16:1126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3789-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-023-00879-x","volume":"38","author":"A Talukder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Talukder A, Sara SS, Khan ZI et al (2024) Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in South-Asian Urban Communities: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data of South Asian countries. J Hum Hypertens 38:257\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-023-00879-x","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"3052_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1586","volume":"43","author":"RJ Walker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walker RJ, Garacci E, Palatnik A et al (2020) The longitudinal influence of social determinants of health on glycemic control in elderly adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 43:759\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-1586","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"3052_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S429462","volume":"16","author":"M Ghazwani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghazwani M, Mahmood SE, Gosadi IM et al (2023) Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its determinants among the adult population of the Jazan Region. Int J Gen Med 16:4215\u20134226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S429462","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"3052_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.2753","volume":"9","author":"P Adhikari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adhikari P, Sriyuktasuth A, Phligbua W (2023) Social determinants of health and glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary hospital in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. Belitung Nurs J 9:489\u2013497","journal-title":"Belitung Nurs J"},{"key":"3052_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00604-6","volume":"20","author":"R Silva-Tinoco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva-Tinoco R, Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi T, De la Torre-Saldana V et al (2020) Influence of social determinants, diabetes knowledge, health behaviors, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: an analysis from real-world evidence. BMC Endocr Disord 20:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-020-00604-6","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"3052_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.07.002","volume":"14","author":"A Esteghamati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esteghamati A, Ismail-Beigi F, Khaloo P et al (2020) Determinants of glycemic control: phase 2 analysis from nationwide diabetes report of National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2018). Prim Care Diabetes 14:222\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.07.002","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"3052_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1317904","volume":"39","author":"MY Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu MY, Li N, Li WA et al (2017) Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res 39:573\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01616412.2017.1317904","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"3052_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56505","volume":"16","author":"A Mankar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mankar A, Kawalkar U, Jadhao N et al (2024) Exploring the interplay of socioeconomic and behavioral factors: unraveling gender disparities in glycemic control among adult type 2 diabetic patients in outpatient care. Cureus 16:e56505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.56505","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"3052_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.2016.25.2.25","volume":"25","author":"AK Subasinghe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Subasinghe AK, Arabshahi S, Busingye D et al (2016) Association between salt and hypertension in rural and urban populations of low to middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population based studies. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 25:402\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6133\/apjcn.2016.25.2.25","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3052_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7827-5","volume":"19","author":"S Opoku","year":"2019","unstructured":"Opoku S, Gan Y, Fu W et al (2019) Prevalence and risk factors for dyslipidemia among adults in rural and urban China: findings from the China National Stroke Screening and prevention project (CNSSPP). BMC Public Health 19:1500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7827-5","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00631-z","volume":"19","author":"A Basit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basit A, Sabir S, Riaz M et al (2020) members N: NDSP 05: Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in urban and rural areas of Pakistan; a sub analysis from second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016\u20132017. J Diabetes Metab Disord 19:1215\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-020-00631-z","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"3052_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.06.016","volume":"11","author":"M Lazo-Porras","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lazo-Porras M, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Quispe R et al (2017) Urbanization, mainly rurality, but not altitude is associated with dyslipidemia profiles. J Clin Lipidol 11:1212-1222 e1214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.06.016","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"3052_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.12.007","volume":"26","author":"J Shin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shin J, Cho KH, Choi Y et al (2016) Combined effect of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status on mortality in patients with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia: a nationwide Korean cohort study from 2002 to 2013. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 26:207\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.12.007","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"3052_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235656","author":"K Studzinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Studzinski K, Tomasik T, Windak A et al (2021) The differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, its risk factors, and achievement of therapeutic goals among urban and rural primary care patients in poland: results from the LIPIDOGRAM 2015 study. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10235656","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3052_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16860","author":"M Burzynska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burzynska M, Jankowski P, Babicki M et al (2024) Prevalence of hyperlipoproteinemia(a) in individuals of European ancestry treated at outpatient cardiology clinics: results from a cross-sectional STAR-Lp(a) study. Pol Arch Intern Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.16860","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3052_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.08.004","volume":"86","author":"B Sosnowska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sosnowska B, Lewek J, Adach W et al (2024) The prevalence, patients\u2019 characteristics, and hyper-Lp(a)-emia risk factors in the Polish population. The first results from the PMMHRI-Lp(a) Registry. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 86:54\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.08.004","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"3052_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae001","volume":"45","author":"RA Montone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montone RA, Camilli M, Calvieri C et al (2024) Exposome in ischaemic heart disease: beyond traditional risk factors. Eur Heart J 45:419\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3052_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.099","volume":"72","author":"S Rajagopalan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD (2018) Air Pollution and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 72:2054\u20132070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.099","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3052_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31597-5","volume":"388","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Zheng XY, Chung KF et al (2016) Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action. Lancet 388:1939\u20131951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31597-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3052_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31047-w","volume":"30","author":"P Ning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ning P, Guo X, Qu Q et al (2023) Exploring the association between air pollution and Parkinson\u2019s disease or Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30:123939\u2013123947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-31047-w","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"3052_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17727","volume":"131","author":"JC Fussell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fussell JC, Jauniaux E, Smith RB et al (2024) Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: a review of underlying mechanisms. BJOG 131:538\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.17727","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"3052_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02793-9","volume":"36","author":"T Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang T, Liu W, Yang T et al (2024) Association between ambient fine particular matter components and subsequent cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older people: a prospective cohort study from eastern China. Aging Clin Exp Res 36:150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-024-02793-9","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3052_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30009-2","volume":"107","author":"JA Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart JA, Mitchell MA, Edgerton VS et al (2015) Environmental justice and health effects of urban air pollution. J Natl Med Assoc 107:50\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30009-2","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"3052_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(21)00126-1","author":"FB Bennitt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bennitt FB, Wozniak SS, Causey K et al (2021) Estimating disease burden attributable to household air pollution: new methods within the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Global Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(21)00126-1","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"3052_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00189-4","volume":"7","author":"AC Pinho-Gomes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinho-Gomes AC, Roaf E, Fuller G et al (2023) Air pollution and climate change. Lancet Planet Health 7:e727\u2013e728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00189-4","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"3052_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0150-3","volume":"4","author":"C Heaviside","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heaviside C, Macintyre H, Vardoulakis S (2017) The urban heat island: implications for health in a changing environment. Curr Environ Health Rep 4:296\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-017-0150-3","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"3052_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e318","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00046-9","volume":"8","author":"AM Alho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alho AM, Oliveira AP, Viegas S et al (2024) Effect of heatwaves on daily hospital admissions in Portugal, 2000\u201318: an observational study. Lancet Planet Health 8:e318\u2013e326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00046-9","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"3052_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120862","volume":"454","author":"A Buguet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buguet A, Radomski MW, Reis J et al (2023) Heatwaves and human sleep: stress response versus adaptation. J Neurol Sci 454:120862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120862","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3052_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00769-0","volume":"100","author":"X Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu X, Wang L, Yuan L et al (2023) Long-term exposure to traffic noise and risk of incident cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. J Urban Health 100:788\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00769-0","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"3052_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116222","volume":"269","author":"Y Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai Y, Ramakrishnan R, Rahimi K (2021) Long-term exposure to traffic noise and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence between 2000 and 2020. Environ Pollut 269:116222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116222","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"3052_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.880246","author":"L Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin L, Yang H, Xu X (2022) Effects of water pollution on human health and disease heterogeneity: a review. Front Environ Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2022.880246","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"key":"3052_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/329156","volume":"2013","author":"N Oli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oli N, Vaidya A, Thapa G (2013) Behavioural risk factors of noncommunicable diseases among nepalese urban poor: a descriptive study from a slum area of kathmandu. Epidemiol Res Int 2013:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/329156","journal-title":"Epidemiol Res Int"},{"key":"3052_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2023057004957","volume":"57","author":"R Lima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lima R, Batalha MA, Ribeiro CCC et al (2023) Modifiable behavioral risk factors for NCDs and sleep in Brazilian adolescents. Rev Saude Publ 57:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/s1518-8787.2023057004957","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publ"},{"key":"3052_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00055621","volume":"38","author":"JMA Barbosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barbosa JMA, Ribeiro CCC, Batista RFL et al (2022) Behavioral risk factors for noncommunicable diseases associated with depression and suicide risk in adolescence. Cad Saude Publica 38:e00055621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311X00055621","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"3052_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112031","volume":"577","author":"AK Merrill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Merrill AK, Sobolewski M, Susiarjo M (2023) Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals impacts immunological and metabolic status of women during pregnancy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 577:112031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112031","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"3052_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12325","volume":"8","author":"Y Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song Y, Chou EL, Baecker A et al (2016) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, risk of type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related metabolic traits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes 8:516\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12325","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"3052_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911899","author":"B Predieri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Predieri B, Iughetti L, Bernasconi S et al (2022) Endocrine disrupting chemicals\u2019 effects in children: what we know and what we need to learn? Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911899","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3052_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00263-1","volume":"5","author":"SM Parvez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parvez SM, Jahan F, Brune MN et al (2021) Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: an updated systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 5:e905\u2013e920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00263-1","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"3052_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103324","volume":"118","author":"SAA Aboukorin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aboukorin SAA, Han H, Mahran MGN (2021) Role of urban planning characteristics in forming pandemic resilient cities\u2014case study of Covid-19 impacts on European cities within England, Germany and Italy. Cities 118:103324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103324","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"3052_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.09.012","volume":"32","author":"JM Hassell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassell JM, Begon M, Ward MJ et al (2017) Urbanization and disease emergence: dynamics at the wildlife\u2013livestock\u2013human interface. Trends Ecol Evol 32:55\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2016.09.012","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3052_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25421","volume":"77","author":"AJ Anzalone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anzalone AJ, Jackson LE, Singh N et al (2025) Long-term mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection in rural versus urban dwellers with autoimmune or inflammatory rheumatic disease: a retrospective cohort analysis from the national COVID cohort collaborative. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 77:143\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.25421","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"3052_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205427042412742","DOI":"10.1177\/20542704241274292","volume":"15","author":"D Sunkersing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sunkersing D, Goodfellow H, Mu Y et al (2024) Long COVID symptoms and demographic associations: a retrospective case series study using healthcare application data. JRSM Open 15:20542704241274292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20542704241274292","journal-title":"JRSM Open"},{"key":"3052_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113688","volume":"233","author":"V Weilnhammer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weilnhammer V, Schmid J, Mittermeier I et al (2021) Extreme weather events in europe and their health consequences\u2014a systematic review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 233:113688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113688","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"3052_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2023.100277","author":"D Chaudhry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaudhry D (2024) Climate change and health of the urban poor: The role of environmental justice. J Clim Change Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joclim.2023.100277","journal-title":"J Clim Change Health"},{"key":"3052_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06638-3","volume":"21","author":"Y Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie Y, Guo Q, Meng Y (2021) The health service use of aged rural-to-urban migrant workers in different types of cities in China. BMC Health Serv Res 21:606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06638-3","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3052_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1364","volume":"35","author":"B Thompson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thompson B, Molina Y, Viswanath K et al (2016) Strategies to empower communities to reduce health disparities. Health Aff (Millwood) 35:1424\u20131428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1364","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"3052_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24969\/hvt.2024.462","author":"S Cacciatore","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cacciatore S, Spadafora L, Andaloro S et al (2024) Healthy aging and cardiovascular health in Kyrgyzstan: current status and emerging challenges. Heart Vessels Transp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24969\/hvt.2024.462","journal-title":"Heart Vessels Transp"},{"key":"3052_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.213","author":"HTA Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan HTA, Addo KM, Findlay H (2024) Public health challenges and responses to the growing ageing populations. Public Health Chall. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.213","journal-title":"Public Health Chall"},{"key":"3052_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/land11060855","author":"M Preda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Preda M, Vijulie I, Lequeux-Dinc\u0103 A-I et al (2022) How do the new residential areas in Bucharest satisfy population demands, and where do they fall short? Land. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land11060855","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"3052_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/08111146.2020.1780424","volume":"38","author":"C Baldwin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baldwin C, Matthews T, Byrne J (2020) Planning for older people in a rapidly warming and ageing world: the role of urban greening. Urban Policy Res 38:199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08111146.2020.1780424","journal-title":"Urban Policy Res"},{"key":"3052_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101174","volume":"64","author":"EF Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang EF, Xie C, Schenkel JA et al (2020) A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century (2nd edition): focusing on basic and translational research, long-term care, policy and social networks. Ageing Res Rev 64:101174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101174","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"3052_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2020.1771237","volume":"32","author":"B Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie B, Charness N, Fingerman K et al (2020) When going digital becomes a necessity: ensuring older adults\u2019 needs for information, services, and social inclusion during COVID-19. J Aging Soc Policy 32:460\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08959420.2020.1771237","journal-title":"J Aging Soc Policy"},{"key":"3052_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269362","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1269362","volume":"11","author":"MA Rahaman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahaman MA, Kalam A, Al-Mamun M (2023) Unplanned urbanization and health risks of Dhaka City in Bangladesh: uncovering the associations between urban environment and public health. Front Public Health 11:1269362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1269362","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320921374","volume":"30","author":"B Mathew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathew B, Nambiar D (2020) Understanding the experiences of health care-seeking migrants in Delhi: trajectories and challenges. Qual Health Res 30:1710\u20131722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732320921374","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3052_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102111","author":"N Caidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caidi N, Du JT, Li L et al (2020) Immigrating after 60: Information experiences of older Chinese migrants to Australia and Canada. Inf Process Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102111","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"3052_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101478","volume":"23","author":"SY Jang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jang SY, Oksuzyan A, Myrskyla M et al (2023) Healthy immigrants, unhealthy ageing? Analysis of health decline among older migrants and natives across European countries. SSM Popul Health 23:101478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101478","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"3052_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01224-4","volume":"32","author":"I Cova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cova I, Del Tedesco F, Maggiore L et al (2020) Cognitive disorders in migrants: retrospective analysis in a Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia in Milan. Aging Clin Exp Res 32:535\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01224-4","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3052_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105065","author":"AP Nieboer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nieboer AP, Cramm JM (2024) Growing old outside of one\u2019s home country: Well-being needs for aging in place among Turkish people in the Netherlands. Cities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105065","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"3052_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4415\/ANN_24_04_05","volume":"60","author":"A Di Nolfi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Nolfi A, Giusti A, Canevelli M et al (2024) Dementia among migrants in Italy: a qualitative study of the ImmiDem project. Ann Ist Super Sanita 60:264\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4415\/ANN_24_04_05","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"3052_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2021.1913116","volume":"27","author":"B Schoenmakers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schoenmakers B, Robben T (2021) Barriers in screening for dementia in elderly migrants in primary care and the use of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale. A mixed cross-sectional and qualitative study. Eur J Gen Pract 27:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13814788.2021.1913116","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"3052_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02136-6","volume":"34","author":"S Biswas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biswas S, Sun W, Stanyon W et al (2022) Exploring the factors that influence equitable access to and social participation in dementia care programs by foreign-born population living in Toronto and Durham region. Aging Clin Exp Res 34:2231\u20132235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02136-6","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3052_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.103413","volume":"101","author":"S Berdai Chaouni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berdai Chaouni S, Smetcoren AS, De Donder L (2020) Caring for migrant older Moroccans with dementia in Belgium as a complex and dynamic transnational network of informal and professional care: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 101:103413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.103413","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"3052_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103356","author":"L Straker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Straker L, Holtermann A, Lee IM et al (2020) Privileging the privileged: the public health focus on leisure time physical activity has contributed to widening socioeconomic inequalities in health. Br J Sports Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103356","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"3052_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097765","volume":"52","author":"L Straker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Straker L, Mathiassen SE, Holtermann A (2018) The \u201cGoldilocks Principle\u201d: designing physical activity at work to be \u201cjust right\u201d for promoting health. Br J Sports Med 52:818\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097765","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"3052_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h958","volume":"350","author":"A Darzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darzi A, Keown OP, Chapman S (2015) Is a smoking ban in UK parks and outdoor spaces a good idea? BMJ 350:h958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h958","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3052_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101982","volume":"59","author":"NW Boderie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boderie NW, Sheikh A, Lo E et al (2023) Public support for smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and (semi-)private places: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 59:101982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101982","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3052_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196596","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1196596","volume":"11","author":"AWK Yeung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeung AWK, Torkamani A, Butte AJ et al (2023) The promise of digital healthcare technologies. Front Public Health 11:1196596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1196596","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.116347","volume":"38","author":"L Jamir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jamir L, Nongkynrih B, Gupta SK (2013) Mobile health clinics: meeting health needs of the urban underserved. Indian J Community Med 38:132\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-0218.116347","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"3052_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.51201","volume":"6","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Y, Cho A, Nguyen Q et al (2023) Association of neighborhood racial and ethnic composition and historical redlining with built environment indicators derived from street view images in the US. JAMA Netw Open 6:e2251201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.51201","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3052_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The Lancet Regional Health\u2014Europe The Italian health data system is broken. Lancet Reg Health Europe 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101206"},{"key":"3052_CR121","unstructured":"Epker E. Cities are designed for men\u2019s convenience\u2014not for women\u2019s health: forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com. Accessed 2 Jan 2025"},{"key":"3052_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.05.008","volume":"233","author":"R McDermott","year":"2024","unstructured":"McDermott R, Douglas MJ, Haigh F et al (2024) A systematic review of whether Health Impact Assessment frameworks support best practice principles. Public Health 233:137\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.05.008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"3052_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813516657340","volume":"43","author":"P Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva P (2016) Tactical urbanism: towards an evolutionary cities\u2019 approach? Environ Plann B Plann Des 43:1040\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265813516657340","journal-title":"Environ Plann B Plann Des"}],"container-title":["Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T06:49:57Z","timestamp":1746600597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8319"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8319","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"M.Ba. has received speaking and lecture fees from Amgen, Daichii Sankyo, Kogen, KRKA, Polpharma, Mylan\/Viatris, Novartis, Novo-Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, and Zentiva, as well as consultation or advisory fees from Amgen, Daichii Sankyo, Esperion, NewAmsterdam, Novartis, Novo-Nordisk, Polfarmex, and Sanofi-Aventis. Additionally, he has received funding or grants from Amgen, Daichii Sankyo, Mylan\/Viatris, and Sanofi, all unrelated to this work. G.B.-Z. has received consultation or advisory fees from Amarin, Balmed, Cardionovum, Crannmedical, Endocore Lab, Eukon, Guidotti, Innovheart, Meditrial, Microport, Opsens Medical, Terumo, and Translumina, all unrelated to this work. P.S. has received speaking and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Axis TV, BMS, Les Laboratoires Servier, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor, all unrelated to this work. E.M. has received consultation or advisory fees from Pfizer, all unrelated to this work. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest related to this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as this is a review article with no original research involving humans or animals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of Human and Animal Rights"}}],"article-number":"143"}}