{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:57:50Z","timestamp":1774079870744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K17648 & 25K02836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K17648 & 25K02836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aging Clin Exp Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-026-03360-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:52:43Z","timestamp":1773165163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Which matters more for preventing knee replacements: reducing overactivity or combating inactivity?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Kanai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Upul","family":"Cooray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Miki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Hagiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayasu","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Osaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takaaki","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3360_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216515","volume":"79","author":"S Safiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Safiri S, Kolahi A-A, Smith E et al (2020) Global, regional and national burden of osteoarthritis 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ann Rheum Dis 79:819\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216515","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3360_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui A, Li H, Wang D et al (2020) Global, regional prevalence, incidence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in population-based studies. EClinicalMedicine 29\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587"},{"key":"3360_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e031734","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031734","volume":"10","author":"D Spitaels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spitaels D, Mamouris P, Vaes B et al (2020) Epidemiology of knee osteoarthritis in general practice: a registry-based study. BMJ Open 10:e031734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031734","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3360_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2021.1913823","volume":"32","author":"K Nagira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagira K, Hagino H, Enokida M et al (2022) Total knee arthroplasty in the past three decades: Trends in patient characteristics and implant survivorship. Mod Rheumatol 32:432\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14397595.2021.1913823","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"3360_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32230-3","volume":"396","author":"DJ Hunter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hunter DJ, March L, Chew M (2020) Osteoarthritis in 2020 and beyond: a Lancet Commission. Lancet 396:1711\u20131712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32230-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3360_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e721","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-21-01233","volume":"30","author":"RH Brophy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brophy RH, Fillingham YA (2022) AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline Summary: Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee (Nonarthroplasty), Third Edition. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 30:e721\u2013e729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-21-01233","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"3360_CR7","volume-title":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report","author":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee","year":"2018","unstructured":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2018) 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC"},{"key":"3360_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202745","volume":"72","author":"L Fernandes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernandes L, Hagen KB, Bijlsma JWJ et al (2013) EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 72:1125\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202745","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3360_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001944","volume":"51","author":"VB Kraus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kraus VB, Sprow K, Powell KE et al (2019) Effects of Physical Activity in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Umbrella Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51:1324\u20131339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001944","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3360_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Restuccia R, Ruggieri D, Magaudda L, Talotta R (2022) The preventive and therapeutic role of physical activity in knee osteoarthritis. Reumatismo 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/reumatismo.2022.1466","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2022.1466"},{"key":"3360_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202554","volume":"13","author":"YY Leung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leung YY, Razak HRBA, Talaei M et al (2018) Duration of physical activity, sitting, sleep and the risk of total knee replacement among Chinese in Singapore, the Singapore Chinese Health Study. PLoS ONE 13:e0202554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202554","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3360_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.05.014","volume":"102","author":"H Master","year":"2021","unstructured":"Master H, Thoma LM, Neogi T et al (2021) Daily Walking and the Risk of Knee Replacement Over 5 Years Among Adults With Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis in the United States. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 102:1888\u20131894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.05.014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3360_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.057","volume":"299","author":"T Ikeda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ikeda T, Tsuboya T (2021) Effects of changes in depressive symptoms on handgrip strength in later life: A four-year longitudinal study in England. J Affect Disord 299:67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.057","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3360_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104101","volume":"90","author":"S Balogun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balogun S, Scott D, Cicuttini F et al (2020) Longitudinal study of the relationship between physical activity and knee pain and functional limitation in community-dwelling older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 90:104101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104101","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"3360_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.08.010","volume":"16","author":"IB De Groot","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Groot IB, Bussmann JB, Stam HJ, Verhaar JAN (2008) Actual everyday physical activity in patients with end-stage hip or knee osteoarthritis compared with healthy controls. Osteoarthr Cartil 16:436\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2007.08.010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"3360_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21383","volume":"328","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Wang W, Leaf DE (2022) Target Trial Emulation: A Framework for Causal Inference From Observational Data. JAMA 328:2446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.21383","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3360_CR17","first-page":"169","volume":"87","author":"F-E Faiza","year":"2004","unstructured":"Faiza F-E (2004) The osteoarthritis initiative: an overview. Med Health R I 87:169\u2013171","journal-title":"Med Health R I"},{"key":"3360_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035221144745","volume":"14","author":"R Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu R, Ma Y, Li M et al (2023) Baseline Knee Pain Predicts Long-Term Response of Intra-Articular Steroid Injection in Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: Data from OAI. CARTILAGE 14:144\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19476035221144745","journal-title":"CARTILAGE"},{"key":"3360_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1751-4","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Teichtahl AJ, Abram F et al (2018) Knee pain as a predictor of structural progression over 4 years: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 20:250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1751-4","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"3360_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","volume":"46","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA (1993) The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 46:153\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3360_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182109296","volume":"22","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, VanderWeele TJ (2011) Compound Treatments and Transportability of Causal Inference. Epidemiology 22:368\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182109296","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3360_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.06.022","volume":"21","author":"W Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin W, Alizai H, Joseph GB et al (2013) Physical activity in relation to knee cartilage T2 progression measured with 3 T MRI over a period of 4 years: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthr Cartil 21:1558\u20131566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2013.06.022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"3360_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1955691","volume":"118","author":"I D\u00edaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edaz I, Williams N, Hoffman KL, Schenck EJ (2023) Nonparametric Causal Effects Based on Longitudinal Modified Treatment Policies. J Am Stat Assoc 118:846\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.2021.1955691","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"3360_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww165","volume":"185","author":"MS Schuler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schuler MS, Rose S (2017) Targeted maximum likelihood estimation for causal inference in observational studies. Am J Epidemiol 185:65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kww165","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3360_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lendle SD, Schwab J, Petersen ML, Van Der Laan MJ (2017) ltmle: An R Package Implementing Targeted Minimum Loss-Based Estimation for Longitudinal Data. J Stat Soft 81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v081.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v081.i01"},{"key":"3360_CR26","unstructured":"Polley E, LeDell E, van der Laan M (2017) Package SuperLearner"},{"key":"3360_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friedman JH (1991) Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aos\/1176347963. Ann Statist 19:","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176347963"},{"key":"3360_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wright MN, Ziegler A (2017) ranger: A Fast Implementation of Random Forests for High Dimensional Data in C\u2009+\u2009+\u2009and R. J Stat Soft 77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v077.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v077.i01"},{"key":"3360_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C (2016) XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 785\u2013794","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"3360_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt312","volume":"179","author":"AD Shah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shah AD, Bartlett JW, Carpenter J et al (2014) Comparison of random forest and parametric imputation models for imputing missing data using MICE: A CALIBER study. Am J Epidemiol 179:764\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwt312","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3360_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30562","volume":"63","author":"DD Dunlop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dunlop DD, Song J, Semanik PA et al (2011) Objective physical activity measurement in the osteoarthritis initiative: Are guidelines being met? Arthr Rhuem 63:3372\u20133382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.30562","journal-title":"Arthr Rhuem"},{"key":"3360_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21554","volume":"321","author":"S Haneuse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haneuse S, Vanderweele TJ, Arterburn D (2019) Using the E-Value to Assess the Potential Effect of Unmeasured Confounding in Observational Studies. JAMA - J Am Med Association 321:602\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.21554","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Association"},{"key":"3360_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201691","volume":"72","author":"DA Dor\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dor\u00e9 DA, Winzenberg TM, Ding C et al (2013) The association between objectively measured physical activity and knee structural change using MRI. Ann Rheum Dis 72:1170\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201691","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3360_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2008.00463.x","volume":"8","author":"A Hagiwara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hagiwara A, Ito N, Sawai K, Kazuma K (2008) Validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 8:143\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2008.00463.x","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"3360_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328307f58c","volume":"20","author":"MR Maly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maly MR (2008) Abnormal and cumulative loading in knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20:547\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328307f58c","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"3360_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01579-7","volume":"52","author":"DS Logerstedt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Logerstedt DS, Ebert JR, MacLeod TD et al (2022) Effects of and Response to Mechanical Loading on the Knee. Sports Med 52:201\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01579-7","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"3360_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794062","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.794062","volume":"12","author":"C-Y Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng C-Y, Zhang Z-R, Tang Z-M, Hua F-Z (2021) Benefits and Mechanisms of Exercise Training for Knee Osteoarthritis. Front Physiol 12:794062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.794062","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3360_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4263-3","volume":"38","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Iijima H, Tashiro Y et al (2019) Home exercise therapy to improve muscle strength and joint flexibility effectively treats pre-radiographic knee OA in community-dwelling elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol 38:133\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-018-4263-3","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"3360_CR39","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2018) Physical activity guidelines for Americans. Washington (DC)"},{"key":"3360_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616b27","volume":"39","author":"WL Haskell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR et al (2007) Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:1423\u20131434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616b27","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3360_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2004.00455.x","volume":"29","author":"S Stanner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stanner S (2004) At least five a week - A summary of the report from the Chief Medical Officer on physical activity. Nutr Bull 29:350\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2004.00455.x","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"3360_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-52","volume":"7","author":"T O\u2019Neill","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill T, Jinks C, Ong BN (2007) Decision-making regarding total knee replacement surgery: A qualitative meta-synthesis. BMC Health Serv Res 7:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-7-52","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3360_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.142018","volume":"70","author":"H Bliddal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bliddal H, Leeds AR, Stigsgaard L et al (2011) Weight loss as treatment for knee osteoarthritis symptoms in obese patients: 1-year results from a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 70:1798\u20131803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2010.142018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3360_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.139","volume":"14","author":"GD Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis C et al (2006) Intensive Weight Loss Program Improves Physical Function in Older Obese Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis. Obesity 14:1219\u20131230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2006.139","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"3360_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b3170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3170","volume":"339","author":"CM Jenkinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jenkinson CM, Doherty M, Avery AJ et al (2009) Effects of dietary intervention and quadriceps strengthening exercises on pain and function in overweight people with knee pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 339:b3170\u2013b3170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b3170","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40520-026-03360-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-026-03360-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40520-026-03360-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:12:55Z","timestamp":1774073575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40520-026-03360-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-026-03360-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8319"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8319","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The institutional review boards at all OAI clinical sites and the OAI coordinating center (University of California, San Francisco) approved the OAI study (10\u201300532). All participants signed the written informed consent form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"104"}}