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Olfactory dysfunction is a common feature of several neurodegenerative disorders, particularly synucleinopathies, where it often precedes motor and cognitive symptoms, whereas in primary tauopathies olfactory function is usually preserved or only mildly impaired.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the 12-item Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Test (SST-12) for identifying neurodegenerative disease in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 120 individuals were included: 72 with synucleinopathies, 23 with tauopathies, and 25 healthy controls. Olfactory function was assessed using the SST-12. Group differences were analyzed using ANOVA, Fisher\u2019s exact test, and post hoc procedures. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by ROC analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anosmia occurred in 58.3% of synucleinopathy patients and 65.2% of tauopathy patients but was absent in controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Women performed better on several items, while an age effect was observed only for odor T5 (banana) (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=\u20090.011<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Subjective olfactory complaints had limited diagnostic value. The full SST-12 showed good accuracy in distinguishing patients from controls (AUC\u2009=\u20090.818; 95% CI 0.744\u20130.891). A shortened nine-odor version achieved slightly higher accuracy (AUC\u2009=\u20090.844; 95% CI 0.777\u20130.912). No significant difference was observed between synucleinopathies and tauopathies, including after adjustment for age and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the clinical usefulness of brief olfactory testing in older adults and highlight the potential of selected odor subsets to improve screening efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SST-12 is a sensitive and practical tool for detecting olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Brief olfactory screening may represent a useful addition to routine geriatric assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-026-03404-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:55:59Z","timestamp":1777524959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Olfactory dysfunction as a marker of neurodegenerative disease in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Men\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"\u0160ebelov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Pol\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Elizabeth Victoria","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Ild\u017eov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Satke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalibor","family":"Zimek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Ka\u0148ovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.08.028","volume":"323","author":"M Barresi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barresi M, Ciurleo R, Giacoppo S, Foti Cuzzola V, Celi D, Bramanti P, Marino S (2012) Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. 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