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It was hypothesized that upper-limb-specific tests would show stronger associations, that elbow strength would be better explained than shoulder strength, and that higher angular velocities would demonstrate stronger associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three hundred and twenty-seven apparently healthy older adults (247 women and 80 men; age: 69.27\u2009\u00b1\u20095.62) enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Isokinetic concentric strength was assessed before functional fitness tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Small to moderate correlations were observed between functional fitness tests and shoulder and elbow isokinetic strength. Better performance in the UGT, 30AC, and 6MWT was associated with greater strength (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.11\u20130.46); whereas the 30CS showed inconsistent correlations (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = -0.13\u20130.30). Regression models including functional fitness tests, age, and sex explained a substantial proportion of the variance, with higher values for elbow (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.34\u20130.55) than shoulder strength (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.12\u20130.42). No consistent pattern of stronger associations at higher angular velocities was identified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper-limb isokinetic strength is associated with functional fitness in older adults, although associations were generally small to moderate. Functional fitness, together with age and sex, explained up to 55% of the variance. These findings suggest that functional fitness tests may provide indirect and complementary information related to upper-limb strength in settings where isokinetic dynamometry is not available, but they should not be considered surrogate measures of muscle strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-026-03406-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T09:05:46Z","timestamp":1778490346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional fitness tests and their association with upper-limb isokinetic strength in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Babiloni-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Gene-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Juesas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gargallo-Bayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Jerez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Colado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00335","volume":"5","author":"E Jaul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaul E, Barron J (2017) Age-Related Diseases and Clinical and Public Health Implications for the 85 Years Old and Over Population. 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