{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:14:43Z","timestamp":1792242883494,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201dla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["LCF\/BQ\/EU22\/11930060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/EU22\/11930060"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R35ES032876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35ES032876"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Envir Health Rpt"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-024-00460-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T05:22:32Z","timestamp":1730092952000},"page":"484-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Carcinogenic Mechanisms of Hexavalent Chromium: From DNA Breaks to Chromosome Instability and Neoplastic Transformation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Idoia","family":"Meaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggie R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Sr.","given":"John Pierce","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229\u201363.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"460_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2019.03.05","volume":"8","author":"A Shankar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shankar A, et al. Environmental and occupational determinants of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(Suppl 1):S31\u2013s49.","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"460_CR3","unstructured":"State of Lung Cancer 2023, American Lung Association."},{"key":"460_CR4","unstructured":"Top 20 hazardous substances: ATSDR\/EPA priority list for 2017. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service\/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2017."},{"key":"460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machle W, Gregorius F. Cancer of the respiratory system in the United States chromate producing industry. Public Health Rep (1896). 1948;63(35):1114\u201327.","DOI":"10.2307\/4586677"},{"key":"460_CR6","unstructured":"Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2012;100(Pt C): 11\u2013465."},{"issue":"94","key":"460_CR7","first-page":"701","volume":"2014","author":"CH Yu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yu CH, et al. Characterization of concentration, particle size distribution, and contributing factors to ambient hexavalent chromium in an area with multiple emission sources. Atmos Environ. 1994;2014(94):701\u20138.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2013.10.0312","volume":"14","author":"L Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang L, et al. Measurement of soluble and total hexavalent chromium in the ambient airborne particles in New Jersey. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2014;14(7):1939\u201349.","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2012.02.006","volume":"65","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as L, et al. The impact of environmental metals in young urbanites' brains. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013;65(5):503\u201311.","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.424","volume":"12","author":"J Fowles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fowles J, Dybing E. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):424\u201330.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"460_CR11","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for chromium","author":"S Wilbur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilbur S, et al. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry (ATSDR) toxicological profiles. In: Toxicological profile for chromium. Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2012."},{"issue":"15","key":"460_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0531","volume":"78","author":"SS Wise","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Hexavalent chromium-induced chromosome instability drives permanent and heritable numerical and structural changes and a DNA repair-deficient phenotype. Cancer Res. 2018;78(15):4203\u201314.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2242","volume":"11","author":"N Becker","year":"1985","unstructured":"Becker N, Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R. Cancer risk of arc welders exposed to fumes containing chromium and nickel. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1985;11(2):75\u201382.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-013-0998-3","volume":"90","author":"Y Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang Y, et al. Outline of occupational chromium poisoning in China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2013;90(6):742\u20139.","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700250506","volume":"25","author":"H Pastides","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pastides H, et al. A retrospective-cohort study of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Am J Ind Med. 1994;25(5):663\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20801","volume":"53","author":"R Beveridge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beveridge R, et al. Lung cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to nickel, chromium VI, and cadmium in two population-based case-control studies in Montreal. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(5):476\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34272","volume":"152","author":"T Behrens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behrens T, et al. Occupational exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium and the risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of case-control studies (SYNERGY). Int J Cancer. 2023;152(4):645\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"460_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz187","volume":"188","author":"B Pesch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pesch B, et al. Exposure to welding fumes, hexavalent chromium, or nickel and risk of lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(11):1984\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000194159.88688.f8","volume":"48","author":"T Birk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Birk T, et al. Lung cancer mortality in the German chromate industry, 1958 to 1998. J Occup Environ Med. 2006;48(4):426\u201333.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200002000-00018","volume":"42","author":"WJ Blot","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blot WJ, et al. A cohort mortality study among gas generator utility workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42(2):194\u20139.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000158703.32263.0d","volume":"47","author":"RS Luippold","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luippold RS, et al. Low-level hexavalent chromium exposure and rate of mortality among US chromate production employees. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47(4):381\u20135.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"460_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620490523294","volume":"1","author":"DM Proctor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Proctor DM, et al. Estimating historical occupational exposure to airborne hexavalent chromium in a chromate production plant: 1940\u20131972. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004;1(11):752\u201367.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.77","volume":"26","author":"DM Proctor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Proctor DM, et al. Inhalation cancer risk assessment of hexavalent chromium based on updated mortality for Painesville chromate production workers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2016;26(2):224\u201331.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.6.385","volume":"57","author":"T Sorahan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sorahan T, Harrington JM. Lung cancer in Yorkshire chrome platers, 1972-97. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(6):385\u20139.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv197","volume":"66","author":"M Huvinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huvinen M, Pukkala E. Cause-specific mortality in Finnish ferrochromium and stainless steel production workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2016;66(3):241\u20136.","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR26","first-page":"522","volume":"43","author":"V Rafnsson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rafnsson V, J\u00f3hannesd\u00f3ttir SG. Mortality among masons in Iceland. Br J Ind Med. 1986;43(8):522\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.236","volume":"55","author":"T Sorahan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sorahan T, et al. Lung cancer mortality in nickel\/chromium platers, 1946-95. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55(4):236\u201342.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2056","volume":"13","author":"B Sj\u00f6gren","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6gren B, Gustavsson A, Hedstr\u00f6m L. Mortality in two cohorts of welders exposed to high- and low-levels of hexavalent chromium. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1987;13(3):247\u201351.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2011.2.3.243","volume":"2","author":"DH Koh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koh DH, et al. Cancer mortality and incidence in cement industry workers in Korea. Saf Health Work. 2011;2(3):243\u20139.","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR30","first-page":"114","volume":"37","author":"S Lang\u00e5rd","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lang\u00e5rd S, Andersen A, Gylseth B. Incidence of cancer among ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers. Br J Ind Med. 1980;37(2):114\u201320.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR31","first-page":"209","volume":"45","author":"S Tola","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tola S, et al. Incidence of cancer among welders, platers, machinists, and pipe fitters in shipyards and machine shops. Br J Ind Med. 1988;45(4):209\u201318.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.3.184","volume":"54","author":"V Rafnsson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rafnsson V, Gunnarsdottir H, Kiilunen M. Risk of lung cancer among masons in Iceland. Occup Environ Med. 1997;54(3):184\u20138.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199702)31:2<129::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"31","author":"TF Mancuso","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mancuso TF. Chromium as an industrial carcinogen: part I. Am J Ind Med. 1997;31(2):129\u201339.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0274(200008)38:2<115::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-Y","volume":"38","author":"HJ Gibb","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gibb HJ, et al. Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production. Am J Ind Med. 2000;38(2):115\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5<491::AID-AJIM7>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"29","author":"KD Rosenman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosenman KD, Stanbury M. Risk of lung cancer among former chromium smelter workers. Am J Ind Med. 1996;29(5):491\u2013500.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"460_CR36","first-page":"182","volume":"30","author":"E Halasova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Halasova E, et al. Human lung cancer and hexavalent chromium exposure. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(Suppl 1):182\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"460_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-55","volume":"15","author":"E Halasova","year":"2010","unstructured":"Halasova E, et al. Lung cancer incidence and survival in chromium exposed individuals with respect to expression of anti-apoptotic protein survivin and tumor suppressor P53 protein. Eur J Med Res. 2010;15(Suppl 2):55\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"460_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.11.1473","volume":"29","author":"YS Ahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahn YS, Jeong KS. Epidemiologic characteristics of compensated occupational lung cancers among Korean workers. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(11):1473\u201381.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2013.09.002","volume":"4","author":"B Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim B, et al. Exposure assessment suggests exposure to lung cancer carcinogens in a painter working in an automobile bumper shop. Saf Health Work. 2013;4(4):216\u201320.","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"460_CR40","volume":"8","author":"I Se\u00e7in","year":"2021","unstructured":"Se\u00e7in I, et al. Case report: two cases of salivary duct carcinoma in workers with a history of chromate exposure. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:730403.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20283","volume":"49","author":"AA Ewis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ewis AA, et al. Surfactant protein B gene variations and susceptibility to lung cancer in chromate workers. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(5):367\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381568","volume":"63","author":"S Adachi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Adachi S, et al. Metal concentrations in lung tissue of subjects suffering from lung cancer. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1991;63(3):193\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390802529898","volume":"72","author":"BD Kerger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kerger BD, et al. Cancer mortality in Chinese populations surrounding an alloy plant with chromium smelting operations. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(5):329\u201344.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"460_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-50","volume":"10","author":"A Linos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linos A, et al. Oral ingestion of hexavalent chromium through drinking water and cancer mortality in an industrial area of Greece-an ecological study. Environ Health. 2011;10:50.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31815cea4c","volume":"19","author":"JJ Beaumont","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beaumont JJ, et al. Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Epidemiology. 2008;19(1):12\u201323.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"460_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200107000-00011","volume":"43","author":"JP Fryzek","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fryzek JP, et al. Cancer mortality in relation to environmental chromium exposure. J Occup Environ Med. 2001;43(7):635\u201340.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23125","volume":"59","author":"M Tsuboi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsuboi M, et al. Chromate exposure induces DNA hypermethylation of the mismatch repair gene MLH1 in lung cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2020;59(1):24\u201331.","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac023","volume":"187","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, et al. Chronic hexavalent chromium exposure upregulates the RNA methyltransferase METTL3 expression to promote cell transformation, cancer stem cell-like property, and tumorigenesis. Toxicol Sci. 2022;187(1):51\u201361.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"460_CR49","volume":"341","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, et al. Epigenetic downregulation of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase contributes to chronic hexavalent chromium exposure-caused genotoxic effect and cell transformation. Environ Pollut. 2024;341:122978.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"6d","key":"460_CR50","first-page":"5035","volume":"20","author":"J Kulpa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kulpa J, et al. CYFRA 21-1, TPA-M, TPS, SCC-Ag and CEA in patients with squamous cell lung cancer and in chemical industry workers as a reference group. Anticancer Res. 2000;20(6d):5035\u201340.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/7.5.831","volume":"7","author":"LS Levy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Levy LS, Venitt S. Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium compounds: the association between bronchial metaplasia and neoplasia. Carcinogenesis. 1986;7(5):831\u20135.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110105","volume":"11","author":"NO Berg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Berg NO, et al. Bronchocarcinogenic properties of welding and thermal spraying fumes containing chromium in the rat. Am J Ind Med. 1987;11(1):39\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"460_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-45","volume":"10","author":"PC Zeidler-Erdely","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zeidler-Erdely PC, et al. Lung tumor promotion by chromium-containing welding particulate matter in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2013;10:45.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899709602890","volume":"52","author":"CA Snyder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snyder CA, Sellakumar A, Waterman S. An assessment of the tumorigenic properties of a Hudson County soil sample heavily contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Arch Environ Health. 1997;52(3):220\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR55","volume":"11","author":"D Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen D, et al. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) down-regulates acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16 through induction of stressor protein Nupr1. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157317.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa085","volume":"42","author":"P Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li P, et al. Downregulation of hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) contributes to hexavalent chromium-induced malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 2021;42(1):136\u201347.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"460_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.01.022","volume":"342","author":"Z Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Z, et al. Upregulation of histone-lysine methyltransferases plays a causal role in hexavalent chromium-induced cancer stem cell-like property and cell transformation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018;342:22\u201330.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TX00372A","volume":"6","author":"J Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang J, et al. Chromium contributes to human bronchial epithelial cell carcinogenesis by activating Gli2 and inhibiting autophagy. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2017;6(3):324\u201332.","journal-title":"Toxicol Res (Camb)"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.03.006","volume":"269","author":"SZ Ding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ding SZ, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during oncogenic transformation induced by hexavalent chromium involves reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013;269(1):61\u201371.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1222-9","volume":"185","author":"J Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu J, et al. Comparative proteomics of chromium-transformed Beas-2B cells by 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF\/TOF MS. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018;185(1):78\u201388.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"460_CR61","volume":"838","author":"X Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge X, et al. Epigenetic alterations of CXCL5 in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. Sci Total Environ. 2022;838(Pt 1):155713.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.10.008","volume":"281","author":"P Pratheeshkumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pratheeshkumar P, et al. Luteolin inhibits Cr(VI)-induced malignant cell transformation of human lung epithelial cells by targeting ROS mediated multiple cell signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;281(2):230\u201341.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"32","key":"460_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52118","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10130","volume":"8","author":"P Pratheeshkumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pratheeshkumar P, et al. Quercetin inhibits Cr(VI)-induced malignant cell transformation by targeting miR-21-PDCD4 signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2017;8(32):52118\u201331.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"32","key":"460_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51193","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9967","volume":"7","author":"P Pratheeshkumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pratheeshkumar P, et al. Hexavalent chromium induces malignant transformation of human lung bronchial epithelial cells via ROS-dependent activation of miR-21-PDCD4 signaling. Oncotarget. 2016;7(32):51193\u2013210.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr180","volume":"123","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang X, et al. NADPH oxidase activation is required in reactive oxygen species generation and cell transformation induced by hexavalent chromium. Toxicol Sci. 2011;123(2):399\u2013410.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"460_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.06.014","volume":"331","author":"J Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai J, et al. Loss of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase induces glycolysis and promotes apoptosis resistance of cancer stem-like cells: an important role in hexavalent chromium-induced carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017;331:164\u201373.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0094OC","volume":"42","author":"N Azad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Azad N, et al. Nitric oxide-mediated bcl-2 stabilization potentiates malignant transformation of human lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010;42(5):578\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft101","volume":"134","author":"J He","year":"2013","unstructured":"He J, et al. Repression of miR-143 mediates Cr (VI)-induced tumor angiogenesis via IGF-IR\/IRS1\/ERK\/IL-8 pathway. Toxicol Sci. 2013;134(1):26\u201338.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.619783","volume":"290","author":"D Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim D, et al. Constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor promotes tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed cells through decreased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis resistance development. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(4):2213\u201324.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037045","volume":"7","author":"D Medan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Medan D, et al. Multifunctional role of Bcl-2 in malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed lung cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37045.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"460_CR71","volume":"476","author":"S Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi S, et al. Isorhapontigenin (ISO) inhibits malignant cell transformation, migration, and invasion through MEG3\/NEDD9 signaling in Cr(VI)-transformed cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2023;476:116661.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8916","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6866","volume":"7","author":"S Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park S, et al. Gene 33\/Mig6 inhibits hexavalent chromium-induced DNA damage and cell transformation in human lung epithelial cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7(8):8916\u201330.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203917","volume":"14","author":"S Ganapathy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ganapathy S, et al. PKC is an indispensable factor in promoting environmental toxin chromium-mediated transformation and drug resistance. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(4):1678\u201390.","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"7","key":"460_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22639","volume":"56","author":"S Ganapathy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ganapathy S, et al. Chromium IV exposure, via Src\/Ras signaling, promotes cell transformation. Mol Carcinog. 2017;56(7):1808\u201315.","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2018028689","volume":"37","author":"JTF Wise","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wise JTF, et al. Investigating the role of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction during hexavalent chromium-induced lung carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2018;37(4):317\u201329.","journal-title":"J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"460_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.07.004","volume":"670","author":"CF Rodrigues","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodrigues CF, et al. Human bronchial epithelial cells malignantly transformed by hexavalent chromium exhibit an aneuploid phenotype but no microsatellite instability. Mutat Res. 2009;670(1\u20132):42\u201352.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"460_CR77","volume":"12","author":"X Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge X, et al. Chromium (VI)-induced ALDH1A1\/EGF axis promotes lung cancer progression. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(12):e1136.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3094","volume":"35","author":"F Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao F, Klimecki WT. Culture conditions profoundly impact phenotype in BEAS-2B, a human pulmonary epithelial model. J Appl Toxicol. 2015;35(8):945\u201351.","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"460_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.06.003","volume":"353","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Roles of ROS, Nrf2, and autophagy in cadmium-carcinogenesis and its prevention by sulforaphane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018;353:23\u201330.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"460_CR80","volume-title":"Immortalized human bronchial epitherial mesothelial cell lines","author":"RR Reddel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reddel, R.R., et al., Immortalized human bronchial epitherial mesothelial cell lines. 1989."},{"key":"460_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797773","volume":"9","author":"JF Lechner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lechner JF, Laveck MA. A serum-free method for culturing normal human bronchial epithelial cells at clonal density. J Tissue Cult Methods. 1985;9:43\u20138.","journal-title":"J Tissue Cult Methods"},{"key":"460_CR82","unstructured":"American Type Culture Collection. [cited 2024 July ]. Available from: https:\/\/www.atcc.org\/products\/crl-3588."},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu175","volume":"142","author":"Q Qin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qin Q, et al. Homologous recombination repair signaling in chemical carcinogenesis: prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure suppresses the Rad51 response in human lung cells. Toxicol Sci. 2014;142(1):117\u201325.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.06.002","volume":"586","author":"H Xie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xie H, et al. Carcinogenic lead chromate induces DNA double-strand breaks in human lung cells. Mutat Res. 2005;586(2):160\u201372.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"460_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00088-X","volume":"188","author":"A Gambelunghe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gambelunghe A, et al. Primary DNA damage in chrome-plating workers. Toxicology. 2003;188(2-3):187\u201395.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"460_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.02.024","volume":"213-214","author":"TC Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang TC, et al. Oxidative DNA damage and global DNA hypomethylation are related to folate deficiency in chromate manufacturing workers. J Hazard Mater. 2012;213-214:440\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017923609175","volume":"222","author":"G Quievryn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Quievryn G, et al. Reduction of Cr (VI) by cysteine: significance in human lymphocytes and formation of DNA damage in reactions with variable reduction rates. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001;222(1-2):107\u201318.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.09.008","volume":"649","author":"H Xie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xie H, Wise SS, Wise JP Sr. Deficient repair of particulate hexavalent chromium-induced DNA double strand breaks leads to neoplastic transformation. Mutat Res. 2008;649(1-2):230\u20138.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"460_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116711","volume":"479","author":"I Meaza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meaza I, et al. Prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure induces RAD51 foci inhibition and cytoplasmic accumulation in immortalized and primary human lung bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2023;479:116711.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"460_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562","volume":"62","author":"I Meaza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meaza I, et al. Prolonged exposure to particulate Cr(VI) is cytotoxic and genotoxic to fin whale cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2020;62:126562.","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"48","key":"460_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83975","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20150","volume":"8","author":"TP Wakeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wakeman TP, et al. DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 is required for tetravalent chromium intermediate-induced DNA damage. Oncotarget. 2017;8(48):83975\u201385.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"460_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.02.003","volume":"344\u2013346","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Y, et al. miR-3940-5p enhances homologous recombination after DSB in Cr(VI) exposed 16HBE cell. Toxicology. 2016;344\u2013346:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2012.05.001","volume":"735","author":"GC Kost","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kost GC, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibition enhances chromosomal stability after genotoxic stress: decreased chromosomal instability (CIN) at the expense of enhanced genomic instability (GIN)? Mutat Res. 2012;735(1-2):51\u20135.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"460_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh242","volume":"25","author":"L Ha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ha L, Ceryak S, Patierno SR. Generation of S phase-dependent DNA double-strand breaks by Cr(VI) exposure: involvement of ATM in Cr(VI) induction of gamma-H2AX. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(11):2265\u201374.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.006","volume":"554","author":"TP Wakeman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wakeman TP, et al. The ATM-SMC1 pathway is essential for activation of the chromium[VI]-induced S-phase checkpoint. Mutat Res. 2004;554(1-2):241\u201351.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6866(1999)19:1<19::AID-TCM3>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"19","author":"J B\u0142asiak","year":"1999","unstructured":"B\u0142asiak J, et al. DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa cells exposed to chromium and curcumin. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1999;19(1):19\u201331.","journal-title":"Teratog Carcinog Mutagen"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00065-6","volume":"469","author":"J Blasiak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blasiak J, Kowalik J. A comparison of the in vitro genotoxicity of tri- and hexavalent chromium. Mutat Res. 2000;469(1):135\u201345.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"460_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.118","volume":"154","author":"B Novotnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Novotnik B, et al. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Cr(VI), Cr(III)-nitrate and Cr(III)-EDTA complex in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Chemosphere. 2016;154:124\u201331.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/16.6.467","volume":"16","author":"NJ Hodges","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hodges NJ, et al. Induction of DNA-strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and A549 lung cells by sodium dichromate: association with 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine formation and inter-individual variability. Mutagenesis. 2001;16(6):467\u201374.","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0295","volume":"14","author":"AJ Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee AJ, Hodges NJ, Chipman JK. Interindividual variability in response to sodium dichromate-induced oxidative DNA damage: role of the Ser326Cys polymorphism in the DNA-repair protein of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase 1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(2):497\u2013505.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500410001704891","volume":"9","author":"AJ Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee AJ, Hodges NJ, Chipman JK. Modified comet assay as a biomarker of sodium dichromate-induced oxidative DNA damage: optimization and reproducibility. Biomarkers. 2004;9(2):103\u201315.","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900363j","volume":"23","author":"SS Wise","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Comparative genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of four hexavalent chromium compounds in human bronchial cells. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010;23(2):365\u201372.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.10.010","volume":"234","author":"H Xie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xie H, et al. Zinc chromate induces chromosome instability and DNA double strand breaks in human lung cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;234(3):293\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"460_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.04.016","volume":"26","author":"V Wong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong V, Armknecht S, Zhitkovich A. Metabolism of Cr(VI) by ascorbate but not glutathione is a low oxidant-generating process. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012;26(2-3):192\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu207","volume":"143","author":"Z DeLoughery","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeLoughery Z, et al. DNA double-strand breaks by Cr(VI) are targeted to euchromatin and cause ATR-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX and its ubiquitination. Toxicol Sci. 2015;143(1):54\u201363.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp104","volume":"110","author":"FJ Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu FJ, Barchowsky A, Opresko PL. The Werner syndrome protein functions in repair of Cr(VI)-induced replication-associated DNA damage. Toxicol Sci. 2009;110(2):307\u201318.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.009","volume":"610","author":"SK Vilcheck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vilcheck SK, et al. FANCD2 monoubiquitination and activation by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure: activation is not required for repair of Cr(VI)-induced DSBs. Mutat Res. 2006;610(1-2):21\u201330.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2008.01.014","volume":"87","author":"BC Goodale","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goodale BC, et al. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in medaka (Oryzias latipes) cells. Aquat Toxicol. 2008;87(1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"21","key":"460_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13096","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1030","volume":"42","author":"H Pope-Varsalona","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pope-Varsalona H, et al. Polymerase \u03b7 suppresses telomere defects induced by DNA damaging agents. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(21):13096\u2013109.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"40","key":"460_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16746","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.803338","volume":"292","author":"C Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li C, et al. Nuclear Gene 33\/Mig6 regulates the DNA damage response through an ATM serine\/threonine kinase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(40):16746\u201359.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00019-9","volume":"39","author":"K Dana Devi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dana Devi K, et al. In vivo genotoxic effect of potassium dichromate in mice leukocytes using comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(8):859\u201365.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"460_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wuri L, et al. Hexavalent chromium disrupts oocyte development in rats by elevating oxidative Stress, DNA double-strand breaks, microtubule disruption, and aberrant segregation of chromosomes. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(12)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210003"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719201100203","volume":"11","author":"M Gao","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gao M, et al. Induction of DNA strand breaks in peripheral lymphocytes by soluble chromium compounds. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1992;11(2):77\u201382.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(94)00103-H","volume":"110","author":"D Bagchi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bagchi D, et al. Oxidative stress induced by chronic administration of sodium dichromate [Cr(VI)] to rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1995;110(3):281\u20137.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0213OC","volume":"33","author":"P Russo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Russo P, et al. Molecular mechanisms of hexavalent chromium-induced apoptosis in human bronchoalveolar cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2005;33(6):589\u2013600.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940060409","volume":"6","author":"FC Manning","year":"1992","unstructured":"Manning FC, Xu J, Patierno SR. Transcriptional inhibition by carcinogenic chromate: relationship to DNA damage. Mol Carcinog. 1992;6(4):270\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(89)90200-3","volume":"86","author":"CM Witmer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Witmer CM, Park HS, Shupack SI. Mutagenicity and disposition of chromium. Sci Total Environ. 1989;86(1-2):131\u201348.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890143","volume":"5","author":"GR Borthiry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Borthiry GR, et al. Addition of DNA to Cr(VI) and cytochrome b5 containing proteoliposomes leads to generation of DNA strand breaks and Cr(III) complexes. Chem Biodivers. 2008;5(8):1545\u201357.","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"issue":"41","key":"460_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12529","DOI":"10.1021\/bi020452j","volume":"41","author":"T O'Brien","year":"2002","unstructured":"O'Brien T, et al. Critical role of chromium (Cr)-DNA interactions in the formation of Cr-induced polymerase arresting lesions. Biochemistry. 2002;41(41):12529\u201337.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0209","volume":"329","author":"A Kortenkamp","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kortenkamp A, et al. A role for molecular oxygen in the formation of DNA damage during the reduction of the carcinogen chromium (VI) by glutathione. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996;329(2):199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"460_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102s3159","volume":"102","author":"FC Manning","year":"1994","unstructured":"Manning FC, et al. Induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation by carcinogenic chromate: relationship to DNA damage, genotoxicity, and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102(Suppl 3):159\u201367.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR122","first-page":"487","volume":"19","author":"D Dutta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dutta D, et al. Anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate in human peripheral lymphocytes challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium. Biomed Environ Sci. 2006;19(6):487\u201394.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR123","first-page":"226","volume":"20","author":"D Dutta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dutta D, et al. Modulatory effect of distillate of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (Tulsi) on human lymphocytes against genotoxicants. Biomed Environ Sci. 2007;20(3):226\u201334.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(93)90147-K","volume":"77","author":"M Gao","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gao M, et al. Hexavalent chromium produces DNA strand breakage but not unscheduled DNA synthesis at sub-cytotoxic concentrations in hepatocytes. Toxicology. 1993;77(1-2):171\u201380.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0271547","volume":"42","author":"G Quievryn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Quievryn G, et al. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chromium(VI)\/ascorbate-generated DNA adducts in human and bacterial cells. Biochemistry. 2003;42(4):1062\u201370.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1021\/tx025685q","volume":"16","author":"M Yazzie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yazzie M, et al. Uranyl acetate causes DNA single strand breaks in vitro in the presence of ascorbate (vitamin C). Chem Res Toxicol. 2003;16(4):524\u201330.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"460_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.7.1511","volume":"17","author":"J Xu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Xu J, et al. Chromium(VI) treatment of normal human lung cells results in guanine-specific DNA polymerase arrest, DNA-DNA cross-links and S-phase blockade of cell cycle. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(7):1511\u20137.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.015","volume":"610","author":"TJ O'Brien","year":"2006","unstructured":"O'Brien TJ, et al. Incision of trivalent chromium [Cr(III)]-induced DNA damage by Bacillus caldotenax UvrABC endonuclease. Mutat Res. 2006;610(1-2):85\u201392.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"460_CR129","volume":"268","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghosh S, et al. Characterization of polyploidy in cancer: Current status and future perspectives. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;268(Pt 1):131706.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"460_CR130","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Chapter 1: aneuploidy: mechanisms, cancer, and the role of environmental pollutants","author":"AL Holmes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holmes AL, Wise JP. Aneuploidy: etiology, disorders and risk factors. In: Chapter 1: aneuploidy: mechanisms, cancer, and the role of environmental pollutants. Nova Science Publishers Inc; 2012. p. 1\u201333."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00320-5","volume":"514","author":"D Benova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benova D, et al. Cytogenetic effects of hexavalent chromium in Bulgarian chromium platers. Mutat Res. 2002;514(1-2):29\u201338.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0684-x","volume":"85","author":"E Halasova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halasova E, et al. Evaluating chromosomal damage in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium and the modulating role of polymorphisms of DNA repair genes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2012;85(5):473\u201381.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"460_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.01.004","volume":"66","author":"C Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long C, et al. Modulation of homologous recombination repair gene polymorphisms on genetic damage in chromate exposed workers. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019;66:126\u201332.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.09.005","volume":"615","author":"G Iarmarcovai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iarmarcovai G, et al. Exposure to genotoxic agents, host factors, and lifestyle influence the number of centromeric signals in micronuclei: a pooled re-analysis. Mutat Res. 2007;615(1-2):18\u201327.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"460_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares A, et al. HBM4EU chromates study-genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. Toxics. 2022;10(8):483.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080483"},{"key":"460_CR136","volume":"457","author":"SS Wise","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Chromium distribution in an oropharyngeal aspiration model for hexavalent chromium in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022;457:116294.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"460_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.02.002","volume":"9","author":"L Wuri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wuri L, et al. Exposure to hexavalent chromium causes infertility by disrupting cytoskeletal machinery and mitochondrial function of the metaphase II oocytes in superovulated rats. Toxicol Rep. 2022;9:219\u201329.","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"460_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.9.1677","volume":"21","author":"RM Balansky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Balansky RM, et al. Less than additive interaction between cigarette smoke and chromium(VI) in inducing clastogenic damage in rodents. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21(9):1677\u201382.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.008","volume":"688","author":"M Figgitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Figgitt M, et al. The genotoxicity of physiological concentrations of chromium (Cr(III) and Cr(VI)) and cobalt (Co(II)): an in vitro study. Mutat Res. 2010;688(1-2):53\u201361.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0058OC","volume":"37","author":"H Xie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xie H, et al. Neoplastic transformation of human bronchial cells by lead chromate particles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007;37(5):544\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3312","volume":"66","author":"AL Holmes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holmes AL, et al. Chronic exposure to lead chromate causes centrosome abnormalities and aneuploidy in human lung cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66(8):4041\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"460_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0601410","volume":"19","author":"SS Wise","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Chronic exposure to particulate chromate induces spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol. 2006;19(11):1492\u20138.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900360w","volume":"23","author":"AL Holmes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holmes AL, et al. Chronic exposure to zinc chromate induces centrosome amplification and spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung fibroblasts. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010;23(2):386\u201395.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv146","volume":"147","author":"J Martino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martino J, et al. Chronic exposure to particulate chromate induces premature centrosome separation and centriole disengagement in human lung cells. Toxicol Sci. 2015;147(2):490\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00057-7","volume":"469","author":"A G\u00fcerci","year":"2000","unstructured":"G\u00fcerci A, Seoane A, Dulout FN. Aneugenic effects of some metal compounds assessed by chromosome counting in MRC-5 human cells. Mutat Res. 2000;469(1):35\u201340.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10110","volume":"40","author":"AI Seoane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seoane AI, G\u00fcerci AM, Dulout FN. Malsegregation as a possible mechanism of aneuploidy induction by metal salts in MRC-5 human cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2002;40(3):200\u20136.","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"issue":"24","key":"460_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209399","volume":"25","author":"A Glaviano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Glaviano A, et al. Effects of hTERT on metal ion-induced genomic instability. Oncogene. 2006;25(24):3424\u201335.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"14","key":"460_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.14.16310","volume":"10","author":"L Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu L, et al. Chromium induces chromosomal instability, which is partly due to deregulation of BubR1 and Emi1, two APC\/C inhibitors. Cell Cycle. 2011;10(14):2373\u20139.","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"460_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.02.015","volume":"296","author":"SS Wise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Hexavalent chromium induces chromosome instability in human urothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2016;296:54\u201360.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/1.4.247","volume":"1","author":"M Nijs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nijs M, Kirsch-Volders M. Induction of spindle inhibition and abnormal mitotic figures by Cr(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions. Mutagenesis. 1986;1(4):247\u201352.","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"460_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.03.008","volume":"380","author":"ML Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao ML, et al. Hexavalent chromium causes centrosome amplification by inhibiting the binding between TMOD2 and NPM2. Toxicol Lett. 2023;380:12\u201322.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"460_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11791","volume":"46","author":"XK Bian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bian XK, et al. Hexavalent chromium induces centrosome amplification through ROS-ATF6-PLK4 pathway in colon cancer cells. Cell Biol Int. 2022;46(7):1128\u201336.","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00145-5","volume":"490","author":"AI Seoane","year":"2001","unstructured":"Seoane AI, Dulout FN. Genotoxic ability of cadmium, chromium and nickel salts studied by kinetochore staining in the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. Mutat Res. 2001;490(2):99\u2013106.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"460_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karri ND, Xie H, Wise JP Sr. Chronic exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium alters Cdc20 protein localization, interactions and expression. J Carcinog Mutagen. 2013;4(2):1000140.","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-2518.1000140"},{"key":"460_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toyoda JH, et al. Hexavalent chromium targets securin to drive numerical chromosome instability in human lung cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;25(1)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010256"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.05.015","volume":"166","author":"G Iarmarcovai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iarmarcovai G, Botta A, Orsi\u00e8re T. Number of centromeric signals in micronuclei and mechanisms of aneuploidy. Toxicol Lett. 2006;166(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"460_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00593-z","volume":"24","author":"AD McAinsh","year":"2023","unstructured":"McAinsh AD, Kops G. Principles and dynamics of spindle assembly checkpoint signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2023;24(8):543\u201359.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl021","volume":"92","author":"E Grlickova-Duzevik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grlickova-Duzevik E, et al. XRCC1 protects against particulate chromate-induced chromosome damage and cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Toxicol Sci. 2006;92(2):409\u201315.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"460_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.2741\/2437","volume":"12","author":"CH Freudenreich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Freudenreich CH. Chromosome fragility: molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences. Front Biosci. 2007;12:4911\u201324.","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.005","volume":"610","author":"SS Wise","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wise SS, Holmes AL, Wise JP Sr. Particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung epithelial cells. Mutat Res. 2006;610(1-2):2\u20137.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1215","volume":"34","author":"DG Albertson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Albertson DG, et al. Chromosome aberrations in solid tumors. Nat Genet. 2003;34(4):369\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10203","volume":"42","author":"SS Wise","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Barium chromate is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2003;42(4):274\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2010.03.001","volume":"152","author":"JP Wise Sr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wise JP Sr, et al. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in Steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010;152(1):91\u20138.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2009.07.004","volume":"150","author":"T Li Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li Chen T, et al. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in human and North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009;150(4):487\u201394.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"460_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0498509","volume":"17","author":"H Xie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xie H, et al. Lead chromate-induced chromosome damage requires extracellular dissolution to liberate chromium ions but does not require particle internalization or intracellular dissolution. Chem Res Toxicol. 2004;17(10):1362\u20137.","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.006","volume":"610","author":"AL Holmes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holmes AL, et al. The clastogenic effects of chronic exposure to particulate and soluble Cr(VI) in human lung cells. Mutat Res. 2006;610(1-2):8\u201313.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20471","volume":"50","author":"T Li Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li Chen T, et al. Particulate hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung and skin fibroblasts. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2009;50(5):387\u201393.","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2008.12.004","volume":"91","author":"SS Wise","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to Steller sea lion lung cells. Aquat Toxicol. 2009;91(4):329\u201335.","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"460_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.03.003","volume":"198","author":"RM Speer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Speer RM, et al. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in leatherback sea turtle lung cells. Aquat Toxicol. 2018;198:149\u201357.","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.06.008","volume":"279","author":"SS Wise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to hawksbill sea turtle cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;279(2):113\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"460_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.12.004","volume":"171","author":"SS Wise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wise SS, et al. Hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to American alligator cells. Aquat Toxicol. 2016;171:30\u20136.","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.09.005","volume":"626","author":"LC Savery","year":"2007","unstructured":"Savery LC, et al. Role of the Fancg gene in protecting cells from particulate chromate-induced chromosome instability. Mutat Res. 2007;626(1-2):120\u20137.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8237","volume":"146","author":"LJ Blankenship","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blankenship LJ, et al. Induction of apoptotic cell death by particulate lead chromate: differential effects of vitamins C and E on genotoxicity and survival. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;146(2):270\u201380.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2007.06.003","volume":"625","author":"MM Stackpole","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stackpole MM, et al. Homologous recombination repair protects against particulate chromate-induced chromosome instability in Chinese hamster cells. Mutat Res. 2007;625(1-2):145\u201354.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"460_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.05.013","volume":"376","author":"RM Speer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Speer RM, et al. A comparison of particulate hexavalent chromium cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human and leatherback sea turtle lung cells from a one environmental health perspective. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019;376:70\u201381.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae030","volume":"199","author":"H Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu H, et al. A whale of a tale: whale cells evade the driving mechanism for hexavalent chromium-induced chromosome instability. Toxicol Sci. 2024;199(1):49\u201362.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"460_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.04.006","volume":"331","author":"CL Browning","year":"2017","unstructured":"Browning CL, Wise CF, Wise JP Sr. Prolonged particulate chromate exposure does not inhibit homologous recombination repair in North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017;331:18\u201323.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2008.09.016","volume":"149","author":"JP Wise Sr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wise JP Sr, et al. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a sentinel species for aquatic animals: Medaka cells exhibit a similar genotoxic response as North Atlantic right whale cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009;149(2):210\u20134.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.09.007","volume":"650","author":"JP Wise","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wise JP, et al. Hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung and testes fibroblasts. Mutat Res. 2008;650(1):30\u20138.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"460_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.010","volume":"610","author":"E Grlickova-Duzevik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grlickova-Duzevik E, et al. XRCC1 protects cells from chromate-induced chromosome damage, but does not affect cytotoxicity. Mutat Res. 2006;610(1-2):31\u20137.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ger095","volume":"27","author":"M Reynolds","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reynolds M, et al. Undetectable role of oxidative DNA damage in cell cycle, cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of Cr(VI) in human lung cells with restored ascorbate levels. Mutagenesis. 2012;27(4):437\u201343.","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw103","volume":"153","author":"CL Browning","year":"2016","unstructured":"Browning CL, et al. Prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure suppresses homologous recombination repair in human lung cells. Toxicol Sci. 2016;153(1):70\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"460_CR183","first-page":"2342","volume":"54","author":"Y Ishikawa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ishikawa Y, et al. \"Hot spots\" of chromium accumulation at bifurcations of chromate workers' bronchi. Cancer Res. 1994;54(9):2342\u20136.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.268","volume":"70","author":"Y Ishikawa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ishikawa Y, et al. Characteristics of chromate workers' cancers, chromium lung deposition and precancerous bronchial lesions: an autopsy study. Br J Cancer. 1994;70(1):160\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"460_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11818","volume":"98","author":"K Kondo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kondo K, et al. Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers. Cancer. 2003;98(11):2420\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR186","first-page":"353","volume":"128","author":"AL Holmes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holmes AL, Wise SS, Wise JP Sr. Carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128(4):353\u201372.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"460_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise JTF, et al. Prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure induces dna double-strand breaks and inhibits homologous recombination repair in primary rodent lung cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04136-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11197","volume":"97","author":"M Planck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Planck M, et al. Microsatellite instability and expression of MLH1 and MSH2 in carcinomas of the small intestine. Cancer. 2003;97(6):1551\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.10035","volume":"33","author":"T Hirose","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hirose T, et al. Frequent microsatellite instability in lung cancer from chromate-exposed workers. Mol Carcinog. 2002;33(3):172\u201380.","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-025-00480-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000}}],"container-title":["Current Environmental Health Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00460-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00460-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00460-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T20:52:51Z","timestamp":1739825571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00460-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00460-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-5412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2025","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The author's name in the published version reads \u201cJohn Wise Pierce, Sr.\u201d. It should read as \u201cJohn Pierce Wise Sr.\u201d.","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2025","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-025-00480-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-025-00480-z","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}