{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1788153357871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"HEI receives balanced funding from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the worldwide motor vehicle industry."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Envir Health Rpt"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-026-00560-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:23:08Z","timestamp":1788150188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing Long-Term Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure Assessment for Health Studies: Lessons from a Multinational Research Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Boogaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan L.","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison P.","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Mantus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Breitner-Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Oudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Yanosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Volckens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana B.","family":"Milford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"560_CR1","volume-title":"A report on air pollution and its role in the world\u2019s leading causes of death","author":"SOGA (State of Global Air)","year":"2025","unstructured":"SOGA (State of Global Air). A report on air pollution and its role in the world\u2019s leading causes of death. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute; 2025."},{"key":"560_CR2","volume-title":"Integrated science assessment for oxides of nitrogen\u2013health Criteria. EPA\/600\/R-15\/068","author":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)","year":"2016","unstructured":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Integrated science assessment for oxides of nitrogen\u2013health Criteria. EPA\/600\/R-15\/068. Washington, DC: US EPA; 2016."},{"key":"560_CR3","volume-title":"Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. EPA\/600\/R-19\/188","author":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)","year":"2019","unstructured":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. EPA\/600\/R-19\/188. Washington, DC: US EPA; 2019."},{"key":"560_CR4","volume-title":"Supplement to the 2019 integrated science assessment for particulate matter. EPA\/600\/R-22\/028","author":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)","year":"2022","unstructured":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Supplement to the 2019 integrated science assessment for particulate matter. EPA\/600\/R-22\/028. Washington, DC: US EPA; 2022."},{"key":"560_CR5","volume-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Geneva: WHO; 2021."},{"key":"560_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199312093292401","volume":"329","author":"DW Dockery","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dockery DW, Pope CA 3rd, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1753\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199312093292401.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"560_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","volume":"287","author":"CA Pope 3rd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002;287:1132\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"560_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2425310122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2425310122","volume":"122","author":"NA Roque","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roque NA, Andrews H, Santos-Lozada AR. Identifying air quality monitoring deserts in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2425310122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2425310122.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"560_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0169-5","volume":"4","author":"G Hoek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoek G. Methods for assessing long-term exposures to outdoor air pollutants. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017;4:450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-017-0169-5.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"560_CR10","volume-title":"RFA 19\u2009\u2013\u20091: Applying novel approaches to improve long-term exposure assessment of outdoor air pollution for health studies","author":"HEI (Health Effects Institute)","year":"2019","unstructured":"HEI (Health Effects Institute). RFA 19\u2009\u2013\u20091: Applying novel approaches to improve long-term exposure assessment of outdoor air pollution for health studies. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute; 2019."},{"key":"560_CR11","volume-title":"Research Report 217","author":"S Weichenthal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weichenthal S, Lloyd M, Ganji A, Simon L, Xu J, Venuta A, et al. Long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles and black carbon and effects on mortality in Montreal and Toronto, Canada. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2024;217:1\u201363."},{"key":"560_CR12","volume-title":"Research Report 228","author":"L Sheppard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sheppard L, Blanco MN, Doubleday A, Szpiro AA, Bi J, Zuidema C, et al. Optimizing air pollution exposure assessment with application to cognitive function. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2025;228:1\u2013117."},{"key":"560_CR13","volume-title":"Research Report 229","author":"K de Hoogh","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Hoogh K, Fl\u00fcckiger B, Probst-Hensch N, Vienneau D, Jeong A, Imboden M, et al. Accounting for mobility in air pollution exposure estimates in studies on long-term health effects. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2025;229:1\u201360."},{"key":"560_CR14","volume-title":"Research Report 226","author":"G Hoek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoek G, Bouma F, Janssen N, Wesseling J, van Ratingen S, Kerckhoffs J, et al. Comparison of long-term air pollution exposure from mobile and routine monitoring, low-cost sensors, and dispersion models. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2025;226:1\u2013101."},{"key":"560_CR15","volume-title":"Research Report 227","author":"K Katsouyanni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Katsouyanni K, Evangelopoulos D, Wood D, Barratt B, Zhang H, Walton H, et al. Investigating the consequences of measurement error of gradually more sophisticated long-term personal exposure models in assessing health effects: The London study (MELONS). Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2025;227:1\u201378."},{"key":"560_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergen S, Sheppard L, Kaufman JD, Szpiro AA. 2016. Multi-pollutant measurement error in air pollution epidemiology studies arising from predicting exposures with penalized regression splines. J R Stat Soc Ser C-Appl Stat. 2016;65:731\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rssc.12144","DOI":"10.1111\/rssc.12144"},{"key":"560_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182254cc6","volume":"22","author":"AA Szpiro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szpiro AA, Paciorek CJ, Sheppard L. Does more accurate exposure prediction necessarily improve health effect estimates? Epidemiology. 2011;22:680\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182254cc6.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"560_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxq083","volume":"12","author":"AA Szpiro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szpiro AA, Sheppard L, Lumley T. Efficient measurement error correction with spatially misaligned data. Biostatistics. 2011;12:610\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxq083.","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"560_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crooks AT, Heppenstall AJ. Introduction to agent-based modelling. Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. In: Heppenstall AJ, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M, editors. Springer; 2012. p. 85\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8927-4_5"},{"key":"560_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.025","volume":"233","author":"K de Hoogh","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Hoogh K, H\u00e9ritier H, Stafoggia M, K\u00fcnzli N, Kloog I. Modelling daily PM2.5 concentrations at high spatio-temporal resolution across Switzerland. Environ Pollut. 2018;233:1147\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.025.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"560_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10279","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03107","volume":"53","author":"K de Hoogh","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Hoogh K, Saucy A, Shtein A, Schwartz J, West EA, Strassmann A, et al. Predicting fine-scale daily NO2 for 2005\u20132016: incorporating OMI satellite data across Switzerland. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:10279\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b03107.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.12.032","volume":"176","author":"A de Nazelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Nazelle A, Seto E, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Mendez M, Matamala J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, et al. Improving estimates of air pollution exposure through ubiquitous sensing technologies. Environ Pollut. 2013;176:92\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.12.032.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"560_CR23","volume-title":"Special Report 23","author":"HEI (Health Effects Institute)","year":"2022","unstructured":"HEI (Health Effects Institute). Systematic review and meta-analysis of selected health effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Special Report 23. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute; 2022."},{"key":"560_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115451","volume":"223","author":"SY Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim SY, Blanco MN, Bi J, Larson TV, Sheppard L. Exposure assessment for air pollution epidemiology: A scoping review of emerging monitoring platforms and designs. Environ Res. 2023;223:115451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115451.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"560_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202311-2013OC","volume":"210","author":"M Lloyd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lloyd M, Olaniyan T, Ganji A, Xu J, Venuta A, Simon L, et al. Airborne Nanoparticle Concentrations Are Associated with Increased Mortality Risk in Canada\u2019s Two Largest Cities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;210:1338\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202311-2013OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"560_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109387","volume":"198","author":"A Ndiaye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ndiaye A, Vienneau D, Fl\u00fcckiger B, Probst-Hensch N, Jeong A, Imboden M, et al. Associations between long-term air pollution exposure and mortality and cardiovascular morbidity: A comparison of mobility-integrated and residential-only exposure assessment. Environ Int. 2025;198:109387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109387.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR27","volume-title":"Research Report 216","author":"JS Apte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Apte JS, Chambliss SE, Messier KP, Gani S, Upadhya AR, Kushwaha M, et al. Scalable multipollutant exposure assessment using routine mobile monitoring platforms. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2024;216:1\u201354."},{"key":"560_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12563","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03395","volume":"52","author":"KP Messier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Messier KP, Chambliss SE, Gani S, Alvarez R, Brauer M, Choi JJ, et al. Mapping air pollution with Google street view cars: Efficient approaches with mobile monitoring and land use regression. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52:12563\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b03395.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00366","volume":"51","author":"M Hatzopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hatzopoulou M, Valois MF, Levy I, Mihele C, Lu G, Bagg S, et al. Robustness of land-use regression models developed from mobile air pollutant measurements. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51:3938\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b00366.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109582","volume":"202","author":"J Kerckhoffs","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kerckhoffs J, Hofman J, Khan J, Adams MD, Blanco MN, deSouza P, et al. Mobile monitoring of air pollution - a position paper on use cases, good practices, challenges, and opportunities. Environ Int. 2025;202:109582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109582.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11460","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01077","volume":"56","author":"MN Blanco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blanco MN, Gassett A, Gould T, Doubleday A, Slager DL, Austin E, et al. Characterization of annual average traffic-related air pollution concentrations in the Greater Seattle Area from a year-long mobile monitoring campaign. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;56:11460\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.2c01077.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27033","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03380","volume":"59","author":"Y Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen Y, Kerckhoffs J, Stafoggia M, Nobile F, Cattani G, Peters A, et al. Europe-Wide Spatial Models for Ultrafine Particles Based on Mobile Monitoring. Environ Sci Technol. 2025;59:27033\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c03380.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12767","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09745","volume":"58","author":"H Boogaard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boogaard H, Crouse DL, Tanner E, Mantus E, van Erp AM, Vedal S, et al. Assessing adverse health effects of long-term expo-sure to low levels of ambient air pollution: The HEI experience and what\u2019s next? Environ Sci Technol. 2024;58:12767\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.3c09745.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0382-1","volume":"17","author":"SE Alexeeff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexeeff SE, Roy A, Shan J, Liu X, Messier K, Apte JS, et al. High-resolution mapping of traffic-related air pollution with Google street view cars and incidence of cardiovascular events within neighborhoods in Oakland, CA. Environ Health. 2018;17:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-018-0382-1.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"560_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy194","volume":"188","author":"L Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai L, Weichenthal S, Kwong JC, Burnett RT, Hatzopoulou M, Jerrett M, et al. Associations of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide with increased incidence of congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188:151\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwy194.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"560_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3047","volume":"126","author":"GS Downward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downward GS, van Nunen EJHM, Kerckhoffs J, Vineis P, Brunekreef B, Boer JMA, et al. Long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a prospective study of a Dutch cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126:127007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP3047.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"560_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107439","volume":"167","author":"ZA Pond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pond ZA, Saha PK, Coleman CJ, Presto AA, Robinson AL, Arden Pope C. Mortality risk and long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and primary fine particle components in a national U.S. Cohort. Environ Int. 2022;167:107439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107439.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0276-7","volume":"16","author":"S Weichenthal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weichenthal S, Bai L, Hatzopoulou M, Van Ryswyk K, Kwong JC, Jerrett M, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and respiratory disease incidence in Toronto, Canada: A cohort study. Environ Health. 2017;16:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-017-0276-7.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"560_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8712","DOI":"10.1021\/es505791g","volume":"49","author":"DR Montagne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montagne DR, Hoek G, Klompmaker JO, Wang M, Meliefste K, Brunekreef B. Land use regression models for ultrafine particles and black carbon based on short-term monitoring predict past spatial variation. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49:8712\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es505791g.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bakola M, Hernandez Carballo I, Jelastopulu E, Stuckler D. 2022. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution in Europe and North America: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2022;32:962\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac118","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac118"},{"key":"560_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006853117","volume":"117","author":"ZS Venter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venter ZS, Aunan K, Chowdhury S, Lelieveld J. COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:18984\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2006853117.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"560_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e434","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000434","volume":"9","author":"J Samet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Samet J, Shairsingh K, Ye W, Gumy S, Mudu P, Andersen Z, et al. Transforming air pollution and health research into action in low- and middle-income countries. Environ Epidemiol. 2025;9:e434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000434.","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"560_CR43","unstructured":"EU (European Union). 2024. Directive (EU) 2024\/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. Available: https:\/\/eurlex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2024\/2881\/oj\/eng"},{"key":"560_CR44","unstructured":"HEI Review Panel on Ultrafine Particles. 2013. Understanding the health effects of ambient ultrafine particles. HEI Perspective 3. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA."},{"key":"560_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-019-01202-7","volume":"64","author":"S Ohlwein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ohlwein S, Kappeler R, Kutlar Joss M, K\u00fcnzli N, Hoffmann B. Health effects of ultrafine particles: A systematic literature review update of epidemiological evidence. Int J Public Health. 2019;64:547\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-019-01202-7.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"560_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408565","volume":"123","author":"B Ostro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ostro B, Hu J, Goldberg D, Reynolds P, Hertz A, Bernstein L, et al. Associations of mortality with long-term exposures to fine and ultrafine particles, species and sources: Results from the California Teachers Study Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:549\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408565.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"560_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250156","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0156-2025","volume":"35","author":"M Bergmann","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bergmann M, Haddad-Thoelke P, Jeong H, Kappeler R, Altug H, Oberwinster L, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the health effects of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles. Eur Respir Rev. 2026;35:250156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0156-2025.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"560_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107960","volume":"175","author":"F Bouma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouma F, Janssen NA, Wesseling J, van Ratingen S, Strak M, Kerckhoffs J, et al. Long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and natural and cause-specific mortality. Environ Int. 2023;175:107960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107960.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134317","volume":"471","author":"Q Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi Q, Yu F, Nair AA, Lau SSS, Luo G, Mithu I, et al. Hidden danger: The long-term effect of ultrafine particles on mortality and its sociodemographic disparities in New York State. J Hazard Mater. 2024;471:134317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134317.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"560_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116186","volume":"231","author":"NVS Vallabani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vallabani NVS, Gruzieva O, Elihn K, Ju\u00e1rez-Facio AT, Steimer SS, Kuhn J, et al. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. Environ Res. 2023;231:116186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116186.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"560_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10320","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03237","volume":"55","author":"PK Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha PK, Hankey S, Marshall JD, Robinson AL, Presto AA. High-spatial-resolution estimates of ultrafine particle concentrations across the continental United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55:10320\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c03237.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003369","volume":"119","author":"NA Janssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janssen NA, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, ten Brink H, et al. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:1691\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1003369.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"560_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.005","volume":"107","author":"TJ Luben","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luben TJ, Nichols JL, Dutton SJ, Kirrane E, Owens EO, Datko-Williams L, et al. A systematic review of cardiovascular emergency department visits, hospital admissions and mortality associated with ambient black carbon. Environ Int. 2017;107:154\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.005.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049516","volume":"12","author":"X Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song X, Hu Y, Ma Y, Jiang L, Wang X, Shi A, et al. Is short-term and long-term exposure to black carbon associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis based on evidence reliability. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e049516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049516.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"560_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121086","volume":"324","author":"X Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu X, Liu B, Guo C, Li Z, Cheng M, Zhu X, Wei Y. Short and long-term association of exposure to ambient black carbon with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2023;324:121086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121086.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"560_CR56","unstructured":"CCAC Super Pollutant Country Action Accelerator. Embedding super pollutant coordination teams in governments. Available here: https:\/\/www.ccacoalition.org\/content\/ccac-super-pollutant-country-action-accelerator"},{"key":"560_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01111-0","volume":"23","author":"G Hoek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoek G, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K. Does residential address-based exposure assessment for outdoor air pollution lead to bias in epidemiological studies? Environ Health. 2024;23:75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-024-01111-0.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"560_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.023","volume":"99","author":"A de Nazelle","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Nazelle A, Bode O, Orjuela JP. Comparison of air pollution exposures in active vs. passive travel modes in European cities: a quantitative review. Environ Int. 2017;99:151\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.023.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12533","volume":"29","author":"K Koehler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koehler K, Good N, Wilson A, M\u00f6lter A, Moore BF, Carpenter T, et al. The Fort Collins commuter study: Variability in personal exposure to air pollutants by microenvironment. Indoor Air. 2019;29:231\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.12533.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"560_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0164-z","volume":"30","author":"J Richmond-Bryant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richmond-Bryant J, Long TC. Influence of exposure measurement errors on results from epidemiologic studies of different designs. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2020;30:420\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-019-0164-z.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"560_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0140-9","volume":"5","author":"L Sheppard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheppard L, Burnett RT, Szpiro AA, Kim SY, Jerrett M, Pope CA 3rd, et al. Confounding and exposure measurement error in air pollution epidemiology. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2012;5:203\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-011-0140-9.","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"560_CR62","volume-title":"Research Report 234","author":"J Antonelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Antonelli J, Shin H, Kang S, Franks A, Audirac M, Braun D. Robust statistical approaches to understanding the causal effects of air pollution mixtures. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2025;234:1\u201363."},{"key":"560_CR63","volume-title":"Research Report 194","author":"B Barratt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barratt B, Lee M, Wong P, Tang R, Tsui TH, Cheng W, et al. A dynamic three-dimensional air pollution exposure model for Hong Kong. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2018;194:1\u201365."},{"key":"560_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119666","volume":"261","author":"M Ramel-Delobel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramel-Delobel M, Heydari S, de Nazelle A, Praud D, Salizzoni P, Fervers B, et al. Air pollution exposure in active versus passive travel modes across five continents: a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2024;261:119666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119666.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"560_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024","volume":"187","author":"S Ridolfo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ridolfo S, Amato F, Querol X. Particle number size distributions and concentrations in transportation environments: a review. Environ Int. 2024;187:108696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0067-4","volume":"29","author":"N Good","year":"2019","unstructured":"Good N, Carpenter T, Anderson GB, Wilson A, Peel JL, Browning RC, et al. Development and validation of models to predict personal ventilation rate for air pollution research. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2019;29:568\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-018-0067-4.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"560_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.68","volume":"26","author":"N Good","year":"2016","unstructured":"Good N, M\u00f6lter A, Ackerson C, Bachand A, Carpenter T, Clark ML, et al. The Fort Collins Commuter Study: Impact of route type and transport mode on personal exposure to multiple air pollutants. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2016;26:397\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jes.2015.68.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"560_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0160-1","volume":"4","author":"E Samoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samoli E, Butland BK. Incorporating measurement error from modeled air pollution exposures into epidemiological analyses. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017;4:472\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-017-0160-1.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"560_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.001","volume":"28","author":"PA Shaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaw PA, Deffner V, Keogh RH, Tooze JA, Dodd KW, K\u00fcchenhoff H, et al. Epidemiologic analyses with error-prone exposures: review of current practice and recommendations. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28:821\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.001.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"560_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123150","volume":"288","author":"H Williams","year":"2026","unstructured":"Williams H, Andersen ZJ, Boogaard H, Brage S, Browning MHEM, Cai S, et al. Expert perspectives on exposure-response functions for urban health policy: Lessons from a UBDPolicy workshop. Environ Res. 2026;288:123150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123150.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"560_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0162-z","volume":"4","author":"M Stafoggia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stafoggia M, Breitner S, Hampel R, Basaga\u00f1a X. Statistical approaches to address multi-pollutant mixtures and multiple exposures: The state of the science. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017;4:481\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-017-0162-z.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"560_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1021\/es4022602","volume":"47","author":"EG Snyder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snyder EG, Watkins TH, Solomon PA, Thoma ED, Williams RW, Hagler GS, et al. The changing paradigm of air pollution monitoring. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47:11369\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4022602.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-025-01216-4","volume":"8","author":"E Bagkis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bagkis E, Hassani A, Schneider P, DeSouza P, Shetty S, Kassandros T, et al. Evolving trends in application of low-cost air quality sensor networks: challenges and future directions. npj Clim Atmos Sci. 2025;8:335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41612-025-01216-4.","journal-title":"npj Clim Atmos Sci"},{"key":"560_CR74","unstructured":"Duvall R, Clements A, Hagler G, Kamal A, Kilaru V, Goodman L et al. 2021. Performance testing protocols, metrics, and target values for fine particulate matter air sensors: Use in ambient, outdoor, fixed sites, non-regulatory supplemental and informational monitoring applications, US EPA Office of Research and Development, EPA\/600\/R-20\/280."},{"key":"560_CR75","unstructured":"Duvall R, Clements A, Hagler G, Kamal A, Kilaru V, Goodman L, US EPA Office of Research and Development, Washington. Performance testing protocols, metrics, and target values for ozone air sensors: Use in ambient, outdoor, fixed sites, non-regulatory supplemental and informational monitoring applications. Volume 600\/R\u201320\/279. EPA; 2021."},{"key":"560_CR76","volume-title":"NO2, CO, and SO2 supplement to the 2021 report on performance testing protocols, metrics, and target values for ozone air sensors","author":"R Duvall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duvall R, Clements A, Barkjohn K, Kumar M, Greene D, Dye T, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NO2, CO, and SO2 supplement to the 2021 report on performance testing protocols, metrics, and target values for ozone air sensors. Washington, DC: EPA\/600\/R-23\/146; 2024."},{"key":"560_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15121523","volume":"15","author":"I Hayward","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hayward I, Martin NA, Ferracci V, Kazemimanesh M, Kumar P. Low-cost air quality sensors: biases, corrections and challenges in their comparability. Atmosphere. 2024;15:1523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos15121523.","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"560_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-025-00497-4","volume":"12","author":"HS Iyer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iyer HS, Karasaki S, Yi L, Hswen Y, James P, VoPham T. Harnessing geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) for environmental epidemiology: A narrative review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2025;12:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-025-00497-4.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"560_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119751","volume":"262","author":"J Vachon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vachon J, Kerckhoffs J, Buteau S, Smargiassi A. Do machine learning methods improve prediction of ambient air pollutants with high spatial contrast? A systematic review. Environ Res. 2024;262:119751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119751.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"560_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019","volume":"130","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen J, de Hoogh K, Gulliver J, Hoffmann B, Hertel O, Ketzel M, et al. A comparison of linear regression, regularization, and machine learning algorithms to develop Europe-wide spatial models of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide. Environ Int. 2019;130:104934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06038","volume":"53","author":"J Kerckhoffs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerckhoffs J, Hoek G, Portengen L, Brunekreef B, Vermeulen RCH. Performance of prediction algorithms for modeling outdoor air pollution spatial surfaces. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:1413\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b06038.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"560_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109389","volume":"198","author":"L Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang L, Duan Q, Liu Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Guo Z, et al. Artificial intelligence: A key fulcrum for addressing complex environmental health issues. Environ Int. 2025;198:109389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109389.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"560_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weichenthal S, Hatzopoulou M, Brauer M. A picture tells a thousand\u2026 exposures: Opportunities and challenges of deep learning image analyses in exposure science and environmental epidemiology. Environ Int. 2019;122:3\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.042.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.042."},{"key":"560_CR84","volume-title":"RFA 25\u2009\u2013\u20091: Advancing satellite-derived air quality data and approaches for use in health studies","author":"HEI (Health Effects Institute)","year":"2025","unstructured":"HEI (Health Effects Institute). RFA 25\u2009\u2013\u20091: Advancing satellite-derived air quality data and approaches for use in health studies. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute; 2025."}],"container-title":["Current Environmental Health Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40572-026-00560-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40572-026-00560-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40572-026-00560-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:23:13Z","timestamp":1788150193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40572-026-00560-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-026-00560-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-5412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"38"}}