{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1790413252988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007052","name":"Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA0008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA0008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Clin Micro Rpt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00154-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T23:30:50Z","timestamp":1601076650000},"page":"142-149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Fungal Infections Associated With the Use of Novel Immunotherapeutic Agents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5214-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias M.","family":"Hohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"154_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0070-9","volume":"4","author":"D Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li D, Li X, Zhou W-L, et al. Genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019;4:35.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"154_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0191-1","volume":"50","author":"P Darvin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darvin P, Toor SM, Sasidharan Nair V, Elkord E. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: recent progress and potential biomarkers. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50:165.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"154_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.148","volume":"15","author":"SS Neelapu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neelapu SS, Tummala S, Kebriaei P, Wierda W, Gutierrez C, Locke FL, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy \u2014 assessment and management of toxicities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:47\u201362.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","volume":"36","author":"JR Brahmer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, Atkins MB, Brassil KJ, Caterino JM, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:1714\u201368.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"154_CR5","unstructured":"Patil NK, Guo Y, Luan L, Sherwood ER Targeting Immune Cell Checkpoints During Sepsis https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29135922\/. Accessed 1 Mar 2020."},{"key":"154_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815039","volume":"380","author":"I Cortese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cortese I, Muranski P, Enose-Akahata Y, Ha SK, Smith B, Monaco MC, et al. Pembrolizumab treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1597\u2013605.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"154_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-012-1210-y","volume":"96","author":"M Kurosawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kurosawa M, Yonezumi M, Hashino S, Tanaka J, Nishio M, Kaneda M, et al. Epidemiology and treatment outcome of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol. 2012;96:748\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"154_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.10.001","volume":"75","author":"D Neofytos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neofytos D, Lu K, Hatfield-Seung A, Blackford A, Marr KA, Treadway S, et al. Epidemiology, outcomes, and risk factors of invasive fungal infections in adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia after induction chemotherapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;75:144\u20139.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"154_CR9","first-page":"1068","volume":"91","author":"L Pagano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Fianchi L, Martino B, et al. The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica. 2006;91:1068\u201375.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"154_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1496","volume":"100","author":"KA Marr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marr KA, Carter RA, Boeckh M, Martin P, Corey L. Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: changes in epidemiology and risk factors. Blood. 2002;100:4358\u201366.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"154_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0456","volume":"102","author":"T Fukuda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fukuda T, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Sandmaier BM, Maris MB, Maloney DG, et al. Risks and outcomes of invasive fungal infections in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants after nonmyeloablative conditioning. Blood. 2003;102:827\u201333.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"154_CR12","first-page":"103","volume":"30","author":"L V\u00e1zquez","year":"2017","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez L, Salavert M, Gayoso J, Lizasoa\u00edn M, Ruiz Camps I, Di Benedetto N, et al. Delphi-based study and analysis of key risk factors for invasive fungal infection in haematological patients. Rev Espanola Quimioter Publicacion Of Soc Espanola Quimioter. 2017;30:103\u201317.","journal-title":"Rev Espanola Quimioter Publicacion Of Soc Espanola Quimioter"},{"key":"154_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03744-5","volume":"98","author":"R Rodr\u00edguez-Veiga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Veiga R, Montesinos P, Boluda B, Lorenzo I, Mart\u00ednez-Cuadr\u00f3n D, Salavert M, et al. Incidence and outcome of invasive fungal disease after front-line intensive chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: impact of antifungal prophylaxis. Ann Hematol. 2019;98:2081\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-268151","volume":"116","author":"JR Wingard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, Kurtzberg J, Small TN, Baden LR, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2010;116:5111\u20138.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"154_CR15","first-page":"550","volume":"76","author":"RJ van de Peppel","year":"2018","unstructured":"van de Peppel RJ, Visser LG, Dekkers OM, de Boer MGJ. The burden of invasive aspergillosis in patients with haematological malignancy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Inf Secur. 2018;76:550\u201362.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"154_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20647","volume":"101","author":"N Ohmagari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohmagari N, Raad II, Hachem R, Kontoyiannis DP. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with solid tumors. Cancer. 2004;101:2300\u20132.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"154_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.020","volume":"104","author":"RW Dib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dib RW, Khalil M, Fares J, Hachem RY, Jiang Y, Dandachi D, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: comparative analysis in cancer patients with underlying haematologic malignancies versus solid tumours. J Hosp Infect. 2019;104:358\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.020.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"154_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.003","volume":"24","author":"M Mikulska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mikulska M, Lanini S, Gudiol C, Drgona L, Ippolito G, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz M, et al. ESCMID study group for infections in compromised hosts (ESGICH) consensus document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (agents targeting lymphoid cells surface antigens [I]: CD19, CD20 and CD52). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:S71\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"154_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy175","volume":"67","author":"T Varughese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varughese T, Taur Y, Cohen N, Palomba ML, Seo SK, Hohl TM, et al. Serious infections in patients receiving ibrutinib for treatment of lymphoid cancer. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;67:687\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-11-818286","volume":"131","author":"D Ghez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghez D, Calleja A, Protin C, Baron M, Ledoux MP, Damaj G, et al. Early-onset invasive aspergillosis and other fungal infections in patients treated with ibrutinib. Blood. 2018;131:1955\u20139.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.04.012","volume":"31","author":"MS Lionakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lionakis MS, Dunleavy K, Roschewski M, et al. Inhibition of B cell receptor signaling by Ibrutinib in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Cell. 2017;31:833\u2013843.e5.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"154_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2165\/11594010-000000000-00000","volume":"71","author":"F Cameron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cameron F, Whiteside G, Perry C. Ipilimumab: first global approval. Drugs. 2011;71:1093\u2013104.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"154_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2178925","volume":"2019","author":"A Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta A, Tun A, Ticona K, Baqui A, Guevara E. Invasive aspergillosis in a patient with stage III (or 3a or 3b) non-small-cell lung cancer treated with durvalumab. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2019;2019:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/2178925.","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"154_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00580","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.580","volume":"8","author":"K Taima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taima K, Tanaka H, Itoga M, Ishioka Y, Kurose A, Tasaka S. Destroyed lung due to sustained inflammation after chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab. Respirol Case Rep. 2020;8:e00580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcr2.580.","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"154_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.02.018","volume":"119","author":"K Tokumo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tokumo K, Masuda T, Miyama T, Miura S, Yamaguchi K, Sakamoto S, et al. Nivolumab-induced severe pancytopenia in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer Amst Neth. 2018;119:21\u20134.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Amst Neth"},{"key":"154_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00289","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.289","volume":"6","author":"N Uchida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uchida N, Fujita K, Nakatani K, Mio T. Acute progression of aspergillosis in a patient with lung cancer receiving nivolumab. Respirol Case Rep. 2018;6:e00289.","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"154_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inthasot V, Bruyneel M, Muylle I, Ninane V. Severe pulmonary infections complicating nivolumab treatment for lung cancer: a report of two cases. Acta Clin Belg. 2020;75(4):308\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1629078"},{"key":"154_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-1426-2-19","volume":"2","author":"C Kyi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kyi C, Hellmann MD, Wolchok JD, Chapman PB, Postow MA. Opportunistic infections in patients treated with immunotherapy for cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2014;2:19.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"154_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1040218","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1040218","volume":"4","author":"E Arriola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arriola E, Wheater M, Krishnan R, Smart J, Foria V, Ottensmeier C. Immunosuppression for ipilimumab-related toxicity can cause pneumocystis pneumonia but spare antitumor immune control. OncoImmunology. 2015;4:e1040218.","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"154_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0291-4","volume":"184","author":"C Oltolini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oltolini C, Ripa M, Andolina A, Brioschi E, Cilla M, Petrella G, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection during pembrolizumab immunotherapy for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: case report and review of the literature. Mycopathologia. 2019;184:181\u20135.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"154_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Si S, Erickson K, Evageliou N, Silverman M, Kersun L. An usual presentation of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a woman treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2020;Publish Ahead of Print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001757.","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001757"},{"key":"154_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.06.016","volume":"25","author":"S Takata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takata S, Koh G, Han Y, Yoshida H, Shiroyama T, Takada H, et al. Paradoxical response in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer who received nivolumab followed by anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis agents. J Infect Chemother. 2019;25:54\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"154_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Eeden R, Rapoport BL, Smit T, Anderson R. Tuberculosis infection in a patient treated with Nivolumab for non-small cell lung cancer: case report and literature review. Front Oncol. 2019;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2019.00659.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00659"},{"key":"154_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0717-7","volume":"7","author":"A Anastasopoulou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anastasopoulou A, Ziogas DC, Samarkos M, Kirkwood JM, Gogas H. Reactivation of tuberculosis in cancer patients following administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors: current evidence and clinical practice recommendations. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:239.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"154_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30674-6","volume":"21","author":"EA Langan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langan EA, Graetz V, Allerheiligen J, Zillikens D, Rupp J, Terheyden P. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and tuberculosis: an old disease in a new context. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:e55\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"154_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e318247a4e7","volume":"35","author":"J Dulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dulos J, Carven GJ, van Boxtel SJ, et al. PD-1 blockade augments Th1 and Th17 and suppresses Th2 responses in peripheral blood from patients with prostate and advanced melanoma cancer. J Immunother Hagerstown Md. 2012;35:169\u201378.","journal-title":"J Immunother Hagerstown Md"},{"key":"154_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.027","volume":"75","author":"P Pradere","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pradere P, Michot JM, Champiat S, Danlos FX, Marabelle A, Lambotte O, et al. Allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis following treatment with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibody therapy. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl. 2017;75:308\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl"},{"key":"154_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e227814","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227814","volume":"12","author":"AA Donato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donato AA, Krol R. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis presumably unmasked by PD-1 inhibition. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12:e227814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2018-227814.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"154_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.041","volume":"176","author":"P Bacher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bacher P, Hohnstein T, Beerbaum E, et al. Human anti-fungal Th17 immunity and pathology rely on cross-reactivity against Candida albicans. Cell. 2019;176:1340\u20131355.e15.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"154_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R220","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9354","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Lou J, Li J, Bo L, Zhu K, et al. PD-L1 blockade improves survival in experimental sepsis by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and reversing monocyte dysfunction. Crit Care. 2010;14:R220.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"154_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R70","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10059","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li J, Lou J, Zhou Y, Bo L, Zhu J, et al. Upregulation of programmed death-1 on T cells and programmed death ligand-1 on monocytes in septic shock patients. Crit Care. 2011;15:R70.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"154_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4HI0616-255R","volume":"100","author":"AC Patera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patera AC, Drewry AM, Chang K, Beiter ER, Osborne D, Hotchkiss RS. Frontline science: defects in immune function in patients with sepsis are associated with PD-1 or PD-L1 expression and can be restored by antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1. J Leukoc Biol. 2016;100:1239\u201354.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"154_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R85","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12711","volume":"17","author":"KC Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang KC, Burnham C-A, Compton SM, Rasche DP, Mazuski R, SMcDonough SJ, et al. Blockade of the negative co-stimulatory molecules PD-1 and CTLA-4 improves survival in primary and secondary fungal sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17:R85.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"154_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wurster S, Robinson P, Albert ND, Tarrand JJ, Goff M, Swamydas M, et al. Protective activity of programmed cell death protein 1 blockade and synergy with caspofungin in a murine invasive pulmonary aspergillosis model. J Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa264.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa264"},{"key":"154_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30541-2","volume":"17","author":"D Grimaldi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grimaldi D, Pradier O, Hotchkiss RS, Vincent J-L. Nivolumab plus interferon-\u03b3 in the treatment of intractable mucormycosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:18.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"154_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.11.021","volume":"146","author":"K Fujita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujita K, Kim YH, Kanai O, Yoshida H, Mio T, Hirai T. Emerging concerns of infectious diseases in lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Respir Med. 2019;146:66\u201370.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"154_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw539","volume":"63","author":"M Del Castillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022 Del Castillo M, Romero FA, Arg\u00fcello E, Kyi C, Postow MA, Redelman-Sidi G. The Spectrum of serious infections among patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade for the treatment of melanoma. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2016;63:1490\u20133 This is the first and largest retrospective study to date to evaluate the risk of infection with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"154_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2016.06.026","volume":"99","author":"S Tabchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabchi S, Weng X, Blais N. Severe agranulocytosis in a patient with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab. Lung Cancer. 2016;99:123\u20136.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"154_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy152","volume":"67","author":"JH Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Park JH, Romero FA, Taur Y, Sadelain M, Brentjens RJ, Hohl TM, et al. Cytokine release syndrome grade as a predictive marker for infections in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2018;67:533\u201340 This study provides a detailed analysis of early and late infections following treatment with CAR-T cells. The authors find that occurrence of CRS grade 3 or higher is the only independent risk factor for development of infection after CAR-T cell treatment.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"154_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-793760","volume":"131","author":"JA Hill","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Hill JA, Li D, Hay KA, Green ML, Cherian S, Chen X, et al. Infectious complications of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified T-cell immunotherapy. Blood. 2018;131:121\u201330 This study clearly demonstrates that the risk of infection is directly proportional to CRS severity, and identifies CRS as the major risk factor for infection after CAR-T cell therapy.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"154_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0549-5","volume":"25","author":"S Ghorashian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghorashian S, Kramer AM, Onuoha S, Wright G, Bartram J, Richardson R, et al. Enhanced CAR T cell expansion and prolonged persistence in pediatric patients with ALL treated with a low-affinity CD19 CAR. Nat Med. 2019;25:1408\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"154_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vora SB, Waghmare A, Englund JA, Qu P, Gardner RA, Hill JA. Infectious complications following CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for children, adolescents, and young adults. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa121.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa121"},{"key":"154_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2019.08.003","volume":"26","author":"A Cordeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cordeiro A, Bezerra ED, Hirayama AV, Hill JA, Wu QV, Voutsinas J, et al. Late events after treatment with CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26:26\u201333.","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"154_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709866","volume":"378","author":"SL Maude","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maude SL, Laetsch TW, Buechner J, Rives S, Boyer M, Bittencourt H, et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:439\u201348.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"154_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0767-x","volume":"7","author":"H Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo H, Wang N, Huang L, Zhou X, Jin J, Li C, et al. Inflammatory signatures for quick diagnosis of life-threatening infection during the CAR T-cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:271.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"154_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2017-0070","volume":"9","author":"U Zahid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zahid U, Shaukat A-A, Hassan N, Anwer F. Coccidioidomycosis, immunoglobulin deficiency: safety challenges with CAR T cells therapy for relapsed lymphoma. Immunotherapy. 2017;9:1061\u20136.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"154_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1127","volume":"71","author":"G Haidar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haidar G, Dorritie K, Farah R, Bogdanovich T, Nguyen MH, Samanta P. Invasive mold infections after chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified T-cell therapy: a case series, review of the literature, and implications for prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:672\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"154_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94306","volume":"127","author":"CA Ramos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramos CA, Ballard B, Zhang H, Dakhova O, Gee AP, Mei Z, et al. Clinical and immunological responses after CD30-specific chimeric antigen receptor\u2013redirected lymphocytes. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:3462\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"154_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126397","volume":"129","author":"AD Cohen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cohen AD, Garfall AL, Stadtmauer EA, et al. B cell maturation antigen\u2013specific CAR T cells are clinically active in multiple myeloma. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:2210\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"154_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0488-7","volume":"33","author":"J Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan J, Niu Q, Deng B, Liu S, Wu T, Gao Z, et al. CD22 CAR T-cell therapy in refractory or relapsed B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2019;33:2854\u201366.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"154_CR61","first-page":"611","volume":"195","author":"MM Opata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opata MM, Hollifield ML, Lund FE, Randall TD, Dunn R, Garvy BA, et al. B lymphocytes are required during the early priming of CD4+ T cells for clearance of Pneumocystis infection in mice. J Immunol Baltim Md. 2015;195:611\u201320.","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"154_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0477","volume":"144","author":"I Martin-Garrido","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin-Garrido I, Carmona EM, Specks U, Limper AH. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients treated with rituximab. Chest. 2013;144:258\u201365.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"154_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26743-4","volume":"8","author":"K-C Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei K-C, Sy C, Wu S-Y, Chuang T-J, Huang W-C, Lai P-C. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-uninfected, rituximab treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8:8321.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Current Clinical Microbiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40588-020-00154-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40588-020-00154-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40588-020-00154-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T20:16:29Z","timestamp":1632600989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40588-020-00154-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40588-020-00154-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-5471"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-5471","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance With Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}