{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:07:06Z","timestamp":1786982826621,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004451","name":"Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009239","name":"Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Monash Bioeth. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this piece we examine three forms of coercive or otherwise involuntary care that can occur\n                    <jats:italic>with<\/jats:italic>\n                    patient consent. To do so, we examine: (1) uninformed consent, (2) contingency-based consent and (3) constrained-market consent, amongst female sterilization patients. While there is broad recognition that \u201ccoercion\u201d in sterilization care can manifest beyond instances of overt force and clarity on what constitutes coercion within clinical care, this has not translated to accountability. The current practice of identifying coercion through discrete civil cases may facilitate a narrow understanding of its contemporary prevalence; one that does not align with definitions of coercion supported by international human rights entities. We use three acute, and widely recognized, examples\u2014hysterectomies in ICE detention facilities, India\u2019s sterilization camp deaths and birth control quotas for Uyghur women\u2014as an entry point to highlight less overt contemporary forms of coercive sterilization care, pairing each example with data that explores prevalence at a broader population level. These data suggest less visible forms of coercion may persist relatively unchallenged\u2014raising the ethical case for a functional approach to the measurement of coercion. In turn, we argue the relevant question may not be \u201cwhen is coercion ethically justified in public health,\u201d but rather, why is coercion already the status quo?\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-025-00240-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:53:20Z","timestamp":1747097600000},"page":"268-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contemporary human rights violations in female sterilization care: legal and ethical considerations when coerced patients do consent"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7451-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Woskie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy Jane","family":"Roseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"240_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arathi, P.M. 2021. Unaccountable Deaths and Damages: An Analysis of Socio-Legal Implications of Sterilisation Camp Deaths in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. In Universallising Healthcare in India, 141\u20131554. Singapore: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5872-3_8"},{"issue":"10","key":"240_CR5","first-page":"422","volume":"20","author":"AM Basu","year":"1985","unstructured":"Basu, A.M. 1985. Family planning and the emergency: An unanticipated consequence. Economic and Political Weekly 20 (10): 422\u2013425.","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"issue":"4","key":"240_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2012.a495158","volume":"22","author":"JS Blumenthal-Barby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blumenthal-Barby, J.S. 2012. Between reason and coercion: Ethically permissible influence in health care and health policy contexts. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 22 (4): 345\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ken.2012.a495158.","journal-title":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal"},{"key":"240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conx.2021.100063","volume":"3","author":"LE Britton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Britton, L.E., C.R. Williams, D. Onyango, D. Wambua, and K. Tumlinson. 2021. \u201cWhen it comes to time of removal, nothing is straightforward\u201d: A qualitative study of experiences with barriers to removal of long-acting reversible contraception in Western Kenya. Contracept x. 3: 100063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conx.2021.100063.","journal-title":"Contracept x."},{"issue":"1","key":"240_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00377.x","volume":"45","author":"W Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, W., N. Druce, J. Bunting, et al. 2014. Developing the \u201c120 by 20\u201d goal for the Global FP2020 Initiative. Studies in Family Planning 45 (1): 73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00377.x.","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"2","key":"240_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1086\/720761","volume":"12","author":"D Byler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byler, D. 2022. Eliminate all illegal births: Negative eugenics and Uyghur women as objects of contestation. HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory 12 (2): 367\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/720761.","journal-title":"HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5038\/1911-9933.14.2.1740","volume":"14","author":"\u00d1P Carranza Ko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carranza Ko, \u00d1.P. 2020. Making the case for genocide, the forced sterilization of indigenous peoples of Peru. Genocide Stud Prev. 14 (2): 90\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5038\/1911-9933.14.2.1740.","journal-title":"Genocide Stud Prev."},{"key":"240_CR11","unstructured":"Case: Oldaker v. Giles. 2023. National Immigration Project. https:\/\/nipnlg.org\/work\/litigation\/oldaker-v-giles. Accessed 3 Sept 2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"240_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/SIFP.12081","volume":"50","author":"KT Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang, K.T., M. Mukanu, B. Bellows, et al. 2019. Evaluating quality of contraceptive counseling: An analysis of the method information index. Studies in Family Planning 50 (1): 25\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/SIFP.12081.","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"key":"240_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cole, W.M. 2016. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, 1\u20133. New York: Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118663219.wbegss274","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118663219.wbegss274"},{"issue":"4","key":"240_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2006.00145.x","volume":"32","author":"M Connelly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Connelly, M. 2006. Population control in India: Prologue to the emergency period. Population and Development Review 32 (4): 629\u2013667.","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"240_CR15","first-page":"137","volume":"20","author":"Constantin A. Human Subject Research","year":"2018","unstructured":"Constantin A. Human Subject Research. 2018. Health and Human Rights 20 (2): 137\u2013148.","journal-title":"Health and Human Rights"},{"key":"240_CR16","unstructured":"Coomaraswamy R. 2005. The Varied Contrours of Violence Against Women in South Asia. Jointly Organised by Government of Pakistan and UNIFEM South Asia Regional Office."},{"key":"240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7282","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7282","volume":"349","author":"A Das","year":"2014","unstructured":"Das, A., and S. Contractor. 2014. India\u2019s latest sterilisation camp massacre. BMJ 349: g7282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g7282.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desjardins M. The Sexualized Body of the Child: Parents and the Politics of \u201cVoluntary\u201d Sterilization of People Labeled Intellectually Disabled. Published online January 9, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/9780822394877-004","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822394877-004"},{"key":"240_CR19","unstructured":"Devika Biswas v. Union of India. 2016. International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural Rights. https:\/\/www.escr-net.org\/caselaw\/2017\/devika-biswas-v-union-india-others-petition-no-95-2012. Accessed 3 Nov 2021."},{"key":"240_CR20","unstructured":"Faden, R.R. 1986. King TLBI collaboration with NMP. In A history and theory of informed consent. Oxford University Press"},{"issue":"10","key":"240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030449","volume":"3","author":"PE Farmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farmer, P.E., B. Nizeye, S. Stulac, and S. Keshavjee. 2006. Structural violence and clinical medicine. PLoS Medicine 3 (10): e449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030449.","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.137869","volume":"92","author":"LP Freedman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freedman, L.P., K. Ramsey, T. Abuya, et al. 2014. Defining disrespect and abuse of women in childbirth: A research, policy and rights agenda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92 (12): 915\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.14.137869.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"240_CR2","unstructured":"Featured Issue: Immigration Detention and Alternatives to Detention. American Immigration Lawyers Association; 2024. https:\/\/www.aila.org\/library\/featured-issue-immigration-detention. Accessed 9 Mar 2024"},{"key":"240_CR3","unstructured":"Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, Background. United Nations; 2022. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/genocide.shtml. Accessed 27 Oct 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"240_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/002234336900600301","volume":"6","author":"J Galtung","year":"1969","unstructured":"Galtung, J. 1969. Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research 6 (3): 167\u2013191.","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"key":"240_CR24","unstructured":"Gowen A. 2014. Deaths shine light on \u2018horrible\u2019 conditions in India\u2019s mass sterilization camps. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/asia_pacific\/deaths-shine-light-on-horrible-conditions-in-indias-mass-sterilization-camps\/2014\/11\/12\/8c409a9d-fc2b-49d2-842d-419de320236b_story.html. Accessed 12 Oct 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"240_CR25","first-page":"5","volume":"22","author":"PR Gupte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupte, P.R. 2017. India:\u201cThe Emergency\u201dand the politics of mass sterilization. Social Policy. 22 (3): 5.","journal-title":"Social Policy."},{"key":"240_CR26","unstructured":"HRW. 2014. India: Target-Driven Sterilization Harming Women. Human Rights Watch. Published 2014. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2012\/07\/12\/india-target-driven-sterilization-harming-women. Accessed 11 Nov 2020."},{"key":"240_CR27","unstructured":"IJRC. 2019. Forced Sterilization as a Human Rights Violation: Recent Developments. International Justice Resource Center. https:\/\/ijrcenter.org\/2019\/03\/21\/forced-sterilization-as-a-human-rights-violation-recent-developments\/. Accessed 20 Oct 2022."},{"key":"240_CR28","unstructured":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1966. United Nations, Office of the HIgh Comissioner on Human Rights. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights. Accessed 19 Nov 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"240_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932017000621","volume":"50","author":"A Jadhav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jadhav, A., and E. Vala-Haynes. 2018. Informed choice and female sterilization in South Asia and Latin America. Journal of Biosocial Science 50 (6): 823\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0021932017000621.","journal-title":"Journal of Biosocial Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"240_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1363\/42e1616","volume":"42","author":"AK Jain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jain, A.K. 2016. Examining progress and equity in information received by women using a modern method in 25 developing countries. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 42 (3): 131\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/42e1616.","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"240_CR31","first-page":"53","volume":"23","author":"H Jennings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jennings, H. 2021. \u201cHe\u2019s the Uterus Collector\u201d the reproductive rights of women in ICE detention: an opportunity to protect the constitutional rights of federal detainees in privately run facilities notes. Georget J Gend Law. 23 (1): 53\u201378.","journal-title":"Georget J Gend Law."},{"key":"240_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2038113","author":"SE Jewell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jewell, S.E. 2012. Conceptualising violence against women in the work of the United Nations special rapporteur on violence against women. SSRN Electronics Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2038113.","journal-title":"SSRN Electronics Journal"},{"issue":"16","key":"240_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0900592","volume":"360","author":"AK Jha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jha, A.K., C.M. DesRoches, E.G. Campbell, et al. 2009. Use of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine 360 (16): 1628\u20131638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa0900592.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"01","key":"240_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.18099\/ijetv.v1i1.32","volume":"1","author":"MK Jha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jha, M.K., B.C. Majumder, and A. Gorea. 2015. Responsibility for deaths of mothers in sterilization camps. International Journal of Ethics Trauma Victims 1 (01): 45\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18099\/ijetv.v1i1.32.","journal-title":"International Journal of Ethics Trauma Victims"},{"key":"240_CR35","unstructured":"KFF. 2021. Large Group Insurance Market Competition. KFF. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/other\/state-indicator\/large-group-insurance-market-competition\/. Accessed 7 Sept 2022."},{"issue":"9547","key":"240_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69486-5","volume":"368","author":"A Langer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Langer, A. 2006. Cairo after 12 years: Successes, setbacks, and challenges. Lancet 368 (9547): 1552\u20131554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69486-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"240_CR37","unstructured":"Masih M. 2018. Mistreatment and Coercion: Unethical Sterilization in India. Human Rights Law Network. www.hrln.org. Accessed 5 Dec 2021."},{"key":"240_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandagiri R., E. Coast, and J. Strong 2020. COVID-19 and abortion: Making structural violence visible. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46: 83\u201389. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1363\/46e1320?seq=1","DOI":"10.1363\/46e1320"},{"key":"240_CR38","unstructured":"Ossoff, J. and R. Johnson. 2022. Medical Mistreatment of Women in ICE Detention. United States Senate, Subcommittee on Investigations."},{"key":"240_CR1","unstructured":"2011 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards. 2016. https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/detain\/detention-management\/2011. Accessed 11 Nov 2023."},{"key":"240_CR39","unstructured":"Resolution on Involuntary Sterilisation and the Protection of Human Rights in Access to HIV Services (Res.260(LIV)2013). 2013. African Commission on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights. https:\/\/achpr.au.int\/index.php\/en\/adopted-resolutions\/260-resolution-involuntary-sterilisation-and-protection-human-rights-ac. Accessed 11 Nov 2023"},{"key":"240_CR40","unstructured":"Rights. General Comment No. 22 (2016) on the Right to Sexual and Reproductive Health. United Nations, Economic and Social Council; 2016. https:\/\/docstore.ohchr.org\/SelfServices\/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQfQejF41Tob4CvIjeTiAP6sGFQktiae1vlbbOAekmaOwDOWsUe7N8TLm%2BP3HJPzxjHySkUoHMavD%2Fpyfcp3Ylzg. Accessed 19 Nov 2023"},{"key":"240_CR41","unstructured":"Roseman, M. and L. Reichenbach. 2011. Reproductive Health and Human Rights. UPenn Press. https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812221602\/reproductive-health-and-human-rights\/. Accessed 19 Nov 2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"240_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10092-1","volume":"25","author":"J R\u00f3\u017cy\u0144ska","year":"2022","unstructured":"R\u00f3\u017cy\u0144ska, J. 2022. The ethical anatomy of payment for research participants. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 25 (3): 449\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-022-10092-1.","journal-title":"Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"240_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12114","volume":"51","author":"L Senderowicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Senderowicz, L. 2020. Contraceptive autonomy: Conceptions and measurement of a novel family planning indicator. Studies in Family Planning 51 (2): 161\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sifp.12114.","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"3","key":"240_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2046530","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0246530","volume":"16","author":"P Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, P., K.K. Singh, and P. Singh. 2021. Factors explaining the dominion status of female sterilization in India over the past two decades (1992\u20132016): A multilevel study. PLoS ONE 16 (3): e2046530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0246530.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"240_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100211","author":"MM Sullivan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sullivan, M.M., M. Matache, S. Peisch, and J. Bhabha. 2022. Reproductive healthcare in immigration detention: The imperative of informed consent. Lancet Regional Health\u2014America. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100211.","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health\u2014America"},{"key":"240_CR46","unstructured":"The WHO. 2014. Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization. The WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/gender_rights\/eliminating-forced-sterilization\/en\/. Accessed 1 Oct 2019"},{"key":"240_CR47","unstructured":"Track20 Country Data, Avenir Health. 2023. http:\/\/www.track20.org\/pages\/data_analysis\/publications\/methodological\/additional_users.php. Accessed 7 Sept 2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"240_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/03605310600860783","volume":"31","author":"T T\u00e4nnsj\u00f6","year":"2006","unstructured":"T\u00e4nnsj\u00f6, T. 2006. Non-voluntary sterilization. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31 (4): 401\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03605310600860783.","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"240_CR49","unstructured":"UNDP. 2020. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/dataset\/index.asp. Accessed 11 Nov 2020."},{"key":"240_CR50","unstructured":"United Nations, ed. 1995. Report of the International Conference on Population and Development: Cairo, 5\u201313 September 1994. United Nations."},{"key":"240_CR51","unstructured":"Vereinte Nationen, ed. 2022. Istanbul Protocol: Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Rev. 2. United Nations."},{"key":"240_CR52","unstructured":"Voluntarism and Informed Choice. 2023. U.S. Agency for International Development. https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/global-health\/health-areas\/family-planning\/voluntarism-and-informed-choice. Accessed 3 Sept 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"240_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1353\/gia.2021.0000","volume":"22","author":"J Waller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waller, J., and M.S. Albornoz. 2021. Crime and no punishment? China\u2019s abuses against the Uyghurs. Georgetown International Journal of Affairs 22 (1): 100\u2013111.","journal-title":"Georgetown International Journal of Affairs"},{"key":"240_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woskie L.R. 2025. Accounting for Coercion: Sterilization, Dissatisfaction, and Routine Reproductive Injustice in India. Feminist Economics 33: 79\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13545701.2025.2459258","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2025.2459258"}],"container-title":["Monash Bioethics Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40592-025-00240-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40592-025-00240-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40592-025-00240-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T13:59:34Z","timestamp":1763042374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40592-025-00240-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40592-025-00240-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1321-2753","1836-6716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1321-2753","type":"print"},{"value":"1836-6716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the section 4 CASE II: Indian sterilization deaths...' in this article, 'Chandigarh' should have read 'Chhattisgarh'.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.\n                      Funder\/Sponsor:\n                      The disclosed funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study, which exclusively utilizes aggregated and publicly accessible data, was not required by the authors\u2019 institution.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}