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Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Anna Smajdor and Joona R\u00e4s\u00e4nen argue that pregnancy should be classified as a disease (In: Is Pregnancy a Disease? A Normative Approach, vol 51, 2025). But their argument faces a problem not yet raised by other critics (see In: Pregnancy, Pain and Pathology: A Reply to Smajdor and R\u00e4s\u00e4nen, vol 51, 2025; In: No, Pregnancy Is Not a Disease, vol 51, 2025; In: Failing to Deliver: Why Pregnancy Is Not a Disease, vol 51, 2025). To classify a phenomenon, e.g., pregnancy, as belonging to a category, e.g., disease, one must characterize the category as well as the phenomenon. But Smajdor and R\u00e4s\u00e4nen do neither. Indeed, they reject every apparent candidate theory of disease, and they do not define pregnancy. The closest they come to characterizing disease\u2019 is positing the\n                    <jats:italic>converse<\/jats:italic>\n                    of Quill Kukla\u2019s criteria for non-disease (In: Infertility, Epistemic Risk, and Disease Definitions, vol 196, 2019). The converse of Kukla\u2019s criteria are: (1) there is agreement and consistency between definitions, (2) a unified physical syndrome is present, (3) the risks are medical rather than social, and (4) the risks are not only \u2018risks\u2019 within a particular set of social values (In: Is Pregnancy a Disease? A Normative Approach, vol 51, 2025). Smajdor and R\u00e4s\u00e4nen then claim that pregnancy meets these criteria. But contra what they argue, I show that pregnancy fails to meet these criteria, or that, at best, whether or not pregnancy meets some of them is not established. If Smajdor and R\u00e4s\u00e4nen abandon even those suggested criteria, however, they have no basis for classifying pregnancy\u2014whatever it is\u2014in any way at all. On these grounds, I contend they have not shown that pregnancy should be classified as a disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-025-00271-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:06:10Z","timestamp":1762175170000},"page":"97-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What is pregnancy and what is disease? a critique of Smajdor and R\u00e4s\u00e4nen\u2019s \u201cis pregnancy a disease? a normative approach\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Sidzi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"271_CR1","unstructured":"Addati, Laura, and Naomi Cassirer. 2014. and Katherine Gilchrist. 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