{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T09:06:06Z","timestamp":1784106366169,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Monash Bioeth. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Uterine transplantation (UTx) is an innovative and exciting development that is aimed at making available the experience of gestation to those for whom it may otherwise be out of reach. Given the personal and social importance of this experience to many people, this is a laudable goal. Outside of at least one historic outlier, this practice has primarily been discussed in the context of resolving uterine factor infertility (UFI) for cisgender women. The guidelines and protocols that have been established around UTx understand Uterine Factor Infertility (UFI) as the indication for UTx. This article critically evaluates the Montreal Criteria (2012, 2013) as the primary ethical guidelines regarding UTx. This evaluation focuses on and challenges the way the Criteria structure the discussion around UFI as indication for UTx and the requirement for female genetics. I argue that, outside of the initial experimental design of UTx, there are prima facie grounds for making UTx available outside of the indication of UFI, and that for reasons both internal and external to the Montreal Criteria\u2019s analysis of UTx, there are no overwriting ethical reasons to limit UTx to cis-gender women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-026-00287-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T08:46:28Z","timestamp":1779785188000},"page":"84-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond montreal: a critical evaluation of the Montreal Criteria for uterine transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Pannekoek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"287_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmad012","volume":"29","author":"Mats Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m, Mats, Catherine Racowsky, Marie Carbonnel, et al. 2023. Uterus transplantation: From research, through human trials and into the future. Human Reproduction Update 29 (5): 521\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmad012.","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"2","key":"287_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des406","volume":"28","author":"Giuseppe Del Priori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Del Priori, Giuseppe, Srdjan Saso, Eric M.. Meslin, et al. 2013. Uterine transplantation\u2014a real possibility? The Indianapolis Consensus. Human Reproduction 28 (2): 288\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/des406.","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"11","key":"287_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2019.988","volume":"21","author":"Margaret Horvat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horvat, Margaret, and Ana Iltis. 2019. What are good guidelines for evaluating uterus transplantation? AMA Journal of Ethics 21 (11): 988\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/amajethics.2019.988.","journal-title":"AMA Journal of Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"287_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.34561","volume":"4","author":"Benjamin P. Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones, Benjamin P.., Abirami Rajamanoharan, Saaliha Vali, et al. 2021. Perceptions and motivations for uterus transplant in transgender women. JAMA Network Open 4 (1) : e2034561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.34561.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"287_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000680","volume":"65","author":"Benjamin P. Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones, Benjamin P.., Lorraine S.. Kasaven, Maxine Chan, et al. 2022. Uterine transplantation in 2021: Recent developments and the future. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 65 (1): 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000680.","journal-title":"Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"287_CR2","unstructured":"\u201cLili Elbe | Biography, Wife, Art, Surgeries, & Facts | Britannica.\u201d May 8, 2024. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Lili-Elbe."},{"issue":"4","key":"287_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2012.01438.x","volume":"25","author":"Ariel Lefkowitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lefkowitz, Ariel, Marcel Edwards, and Jacques Balayla. 2012. The Montreal Criteria for the ethical feasibility of uterine transplantation. Transplant International 25 (4): 439\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2012.01438.x.","journal-title":"Transplant International"},{"issue":"4","key":"287_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.05.026","volume":"100","author":"Ariel Lefkowitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lefkowitz, Ariel, Marcel Edwards, and Jacques Balayla. 2013. Ethical considerations in the era of the uterine transplant: an update of the Montreal Criteria for the ethical feasibility of uterine transplantation. Fertility and Sterility 100 (4): 924\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.05.026.","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"1","key":"287_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.135.1.14","volume":"135","author":"Francis D Moore","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moore, Francis D. 2000. Ethical problems special to surgery: surgical teaching, surgical innovation, and the surgeon in managed care. Archives of Surgery 135 (1): 14\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archsurg.135.1.14.","journal-title":"Archives of Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"287_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/155335060601300112","volume":"13","author":"Leon Morgenstern","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morgenstern, Leon. 2006. Innovative surgery\u2019s dilemma. Surgical Innovatio 13 (1): 73\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/155335060601300112.","journal-title":"Surgical Innovatio"},{"issue":"11","key":"287_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0372-2","volume":"17","author":"Leonidas Panagiotakopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panagiotakopoulos, Leonidas, Veenod Chulani, Atsuko Koyama, et al. 2020. The effect of early puberty suppression on treatment options and outcomes in transgender patients. Nature Reviews Urology 17 (11): 626\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-020-0372-2.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Urology"},{"key":"287_CR1","unstructured":"Pannekoek, Jeffrey. \u201cBeyond Cis-Gender Women: Ethical Recommendations Regarding Uterine Transplantation for Transgender Women and nAFAB Persons.\u201d Monash Bioethics Review, Forthcoming."},{"key":"287_CR13","unstructured":"Tay, Andy. \u201cStudy That Impregnated Male Rats Stirs Controversy.\u201d The Scientist Magazine\u00ae, June 25, 2021. https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/study-that-impregnated-male-rats-stirs-controversy-68928."},{"issue":"5","key":"287_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92i5.12257","volume":"92","author":"Federica Umani Ronchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umani Ronchi, Federica, and Gabriele Napoletano. 2021. Uterus transplantation and the redefinition of core bioethics precepts. Acta Bio Medica\u202f: Atenei Parmensis 92 (5) : e2021435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23750\/abm.v92i5.12257.","journal-title":"Acta Bio Medica\u202f: Atenei Parmensis"}],"container-title":["Monash Bioethics Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40592-026-00287-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40592-026-00287-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40592-026-00287-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T08:33:33Z","timestamp":1784104413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40592-026-00287-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40592-026-00287-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1321-2753","1836-6716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1321-2753","type":"print"},{"value":"1836-6716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}