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While there has been research assessing multiple social and economic variables related to gender inequality, studies have used many different definitions of gender inequality, and there is a lack of this research within a pregnancy context. Here, we attempt to identify social and economic predictors of gender inequality (measured by decision-making power and acceptance of intimate partner violence) within heterosexual couples expecting a child in central Kenya. We ran a secondary data analysis using data from a three-arm individually randomized controlled HIV self-testing intervention trial conducted in 14 antenatal clinics in central and eastern Kenya among 1410 women and their male partners. The analysis included Cochran Mantel-Haenszel, logistic regression, proportional odds models, and generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) framework to account for site-level clustering. Overall, we show that there are significant social and economic variables associated with acceptance of intimate partner violence including higher age, being married, \u201cother\u201d religion, lower partner education, higher wealth status, and variables associated with decision-making power including lower partner education and lack of equality in earnings. This study contributes to the literature on the influence of social and economic factors on gender inequality, especially in Kenya which has a high burden of HIV\/AIDS. Our results show some areas to improve these specific factors (including education and employment opportunities) or create interventions for targeted populations to potentially improve gender equality in heterosexual pregnant couples in Kenya.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40609-019-00138-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T00:34:19Z","timestamp":1547166859000},"page":"71-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social and Demographic Predictors of Gender Inequality Among Heterosexual Couples Expecting a Child in Central Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Caroline J.","family":"Vrana-Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Korte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mulugeta","family":"Gebregziabher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Richey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anbesaw","family":"Selassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sweat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"138_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adjiwanou, V., & Legrand, T. (2014). Gender inequality and the use of maternal healthcare services in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Health & Place. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.06.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.06.001"},{"key":"138_CR2","volume-title":"Categorical data analysis","author":"A Agresti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agresti, A. (2013). In 3rd (Ed.), Categorical data analysis. Hobboken: John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"4","key":"138_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2016.1170092","volume":"57","author":"PC Banda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banda, P. C., Odimegwu, C. O., Ntoimo, L. F. C., & Muchiri, E. (2017). Women at risk: gender inequality and maternal health. 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Studies in Family Planning, 32(3), 189\u2013213.","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"421","key":"138_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2307\/2290687","volume":"88","author":"NE Breslow","year":"1993","unstructured":"Breslow, N. E., & Clayton, D. G. (1993). Approximate inference in generalized linear mixed models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(421), 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2290687.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"138_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","volume":"3","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231.","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"key":"138_CR8","unstructured":"Compendium of Gender Scales Gender Equitable Men (GEM) Scale (n.d.). https:\/\/www.c-changeprogram.org\/content\/gender-scales-compendium\/gem.html. Accessed 17 Apr 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0276-0","volume":"15","author":"DT Doku","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doku, D. T., & Asante, K. O. (2015). Women\u2019s approval of domestic physical violence against wives: analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health, 15(1), 120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-015-0276-0.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122671","volume":"10","author":"K Fladseth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fladseth, K., Gafos, M., Newell, M. L., & Mcgrath, N. (2015). The impact of gender norms on condom use among HIV-positive adults in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS One, 10(4), 122671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0122671.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"138_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001838","volume":"74","author":"A Gichangi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gichangi, A., Wambua, J., Mutwiwa, S., Njogu, R., Bazant, E., Wamicwe, J., Wafula, R., Vrana, C. J., Stevens, D. R., Mudany, M., & Korte, J. E. (2018). Impact of HIV self-test distribution to male partners of ANC clients. 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Washington, DC, and Capetown, South Africa: Promundo-US and Sonke Gender Justice."},{"key":"138_CR23","unstructured":"The DHS Program Wealth Index. http:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/topics\/wealth-index\/Index.cfm. Accessed 19 Apr 2017."},{"key":"138_CR24","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Council (2011) Practices in adopting a human rights-based approach to eliminate preventable maternal mortality and human rights."},{"issue":"1","key":"138_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.25.1.116","volume":"25","author":"M Vakili","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vakili, M., Nadrian, H., Fathipoor, M., Boniadi, F., Mohammad, B. S., & Morowatisharifabad, A. (2010). Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Kazeroon, Islamic Republic of Iran. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. The current data analysis for this manuscript was performed on completely de-identified data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}